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### Declining Foreign Nouns

Polish constantly adopts loanwords for pop culture and technology. Once these words enter Polish, they are declined like native nouns.

For most masculine foreign nouns ending in a pronounced consonant, simply attach standard Polish case endings directly to the word. In the genitive or accusative, you will frequently see the endings **-a** (often used for brands, awards, people, and living things) or **-u** (often used for abstract concepts and media forms).

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### The Apostrophe Rule

Many English loanwords end in a silent vowel (like the unpronounced "e" in *YouTube*, *Google*, or *remake*). When adding a Polish suffix to a word that ends in a silent letter, insert an apostrophe between the foreign word and the Polish ending.

This orthographic rule keeps the original spelling intact while marking the case.

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### Bringing It Together

Whether a loanword takes an apostrophe depends on its original pronunciation. *Facebook* (ending in a pronounced consonant) takes a direct ending, while *YouTube* (ending in a silent vowel) requires an apostrophe.

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When combining these in speech, apply the rule that fits each word's phonetics. In this sentence, *design* takes no ending as a nominative subject, while *Google* takes the genitive apostrophe form:

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Declining foreign nouns

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
the thriller	thriller
the Oscar	Oscar
I did not watch this thriller that got the Oscar until yesterday.	Dopiero wczoraj obejrzałem ten thriller, który dostał Oscara.
The famous director already has three Oscars.	Znany reżyser ma już trzy Oscary.
YouTube	YouTube
Facebook	Facebook
Please turn on either YouTube or Facebook.	Proszę włączyć albo YouTube'a, albo Facebooka.
I do not have YouTube on my phone.	Nie mam YouTube'a w telefonie.
My grandfather does not use Facebook.	Mój dziadek nie używa Facebooka.
the influencer	influencer
Google	Google
This influencer uses Google every day.	Ten influencer codziennie używa Google'a.
the design	design
I do not like the new design of Google.	Nie podoba mi się nowy design Google'a.
The end of this thriller is excellent.	Koniec tego thrillera jest świetny.
the musical	musical
This musical got an Oscar last year.	Ten musical dostał Oscara w zeszłym roku.
the remake	remake
They are making a remake of this old musical.	Robią remake tego starego musicalu.
I do not like this new remake.	Nie lubię tego nowego remake'u.
the podcast	podcast
Yesterday I was listening to a very interesting podcast.	Wczoraj słuchałem bardzo ciekawego podcastu.
I always listen to this podcast in the morning.	Zawsze słucham tego podcastu rano.
I do not understand this influencer's design.	Nie rozumiem designu tego influencera.