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### The Suffix "-ość"

To turn an adjective into an abstract noun in Polish, you simply drop the adjective's final vowel (usually *-y* or *-i*) and add the suffix **-ość**. This works just like the English suffixes "-ness", "-ity", or "-ty". 

Every noun ending in *-ość* is feminine. Let's look at the word for "curiosity", derived from the adjective *ciekawy* (curious).

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### Personal Traits and States of Mind

This suffix is incredibly useful for discussing personal traits and states of mind. For example, *szczery* (honest) becomes *szczerość* (honesty), and *uprzejmy* (polite) becomes *uprzejmość* (politeness).

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Similarly, *mądry* (wise) gives us *mądrość* (wisdom), and *naiwny* (naive) gives us *naiwność* (naivety).

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### From Adjective to Noun

Let's compare an adjective describing someone with the abstract noun itself. Notice how the adjective matches the gender of the noun it modifies, while the abstract noun in *-ość* is a fixed feminine concept.

First, using *lojalny* (loyal) and *lojalność* (loyalty):

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Next, using *wrażliwy* (sensitive) and *wrażliwość* (sensitivity). Notice how the adjective becomes *wrażliwa* to describe a female subject:

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### The Genitive Form "-ości"

Because these are nouns, they decline (change endings) depending on their role in the sentence. 

Often, you will talk about having "a lot of" a trait, or "lacking" a trait. Words indicating quantity like *dużo* (a lot), or the verb *brakuje* (is missing / lacks), require the noun that follows to be in the Genitive case. For feminine nouns ending in *-ość*, the Genitive ending is **-ości**.

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Abstract nouns from adjectives (-ość)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
curiosity	ciekawość
Children have a lot of curiosity in them.	Dzieci mają w sobie dużo ciekawości.
Curiosity killed him.	Zabiła go ciekawość.
honesty	szczerość
Thank you for your honesty.	Dziękuję za twoją szczerość.
I lack honesty in this relationship.	Brakuje mi szczerości w tej relacji.
naivety	naiwność
Your naivety annoys me.	Twoja naiwność mnie denerwuje.
Her naivety is a problem.	Jej naiwność to problem.
politeness	uprzejmość
Politeness costs nothing.	Uprzejmość nic nie kosztuje.
Where is your politeness?	Gdzie twoja uprzejmość?
caution	ostrożność
I ask for caution.	Proszę o ostrożność.
Caution is an important trait.	Ostrożność to ważna cecha.
wisdom	mądrość
I respect his wisdom.	Szanuję jego mądrość.
Wisdom comes with age.	Mądrość przychodzi z wiekiem.
loyal	lojalny
My dog is very loyal.	Mój pies jest bardzo lojalny.
I am looking for a loyal employee.	Szukam lojalnego pracownika.
loyalty	lojalność
Loyalty is a beautiful thing.	Lojalność to piękna rzecz.
We lack loyalty.	Brakuje nam lojalności.
sensitive	wrażliwy
She is very sensitive.	Ona jest bardzo wrażliwa.
Women are often very sensitive.	Kobiety często są bardzo wrażliwe.
sensitivity	wrażliwość
Sensitivity is not a flaw.	Wrażliwość to nie wada.
Life without sensitivity is boring.	Życie bez wrażliwości jest nudne.