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### Masculine Plurals: *-o* becomes *-i*

In Italian, you don't add an "s" to make a noun plural. Instead, you change the ending vowel. For most regular masculine nouns ending in **-o**, the plural ending changes to **-i**.

The masculine singular definite article **il** (the) also changes to **i**.

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Remember that adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe. A masculine singular adjective ending in *-o* will also change its ending to *-i* in the plural to match the noun.

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### Feminine Plurals: *-a* becomes *-e*

For most regular feminine nouns ending in **-a**, the plural ending changes to **-e**.

The feminine singular definite article **la** (the) changes to **le**.

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Just like with masculine adjectives, feminine adjectives ending in *-a* will change to *-e* to match the plural noun.

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### Putting It All Together

When your sentences get longer, simply apply the plural rules to each noun, article, and adjective individually.

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Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
the child	il bambino
The children are here.	I bambini sono qui.
black	nero
The cats are black.	I gatti sono neri.
the bag	la borsa
The black bags are new.	Le borse nere sono nuove.
the window	la finestra
The windows are open.	Le finestre sono aperte.
the plate	il piatto
clean	pulito
The plates are clean.	I piatti sono puliti.
the shoe	la scarpa
The shoes are also clean.	Anche le scarpe sono pulite.
the ticket	il biglietto
the document	il documento
The tickets and the documents are here.	I biglietti e i documenti sono qui.
the train	il treno
The trains are ready.	I treni sono pronti.
The red apples are good.	Le mele rosse sono buone.
the pencil	la matita
Are the pencils red or black?	Le matite sono rosse o nere?
The new tables are small.	I tavoli nuovi sono piccoli.
Are the children ready?	I bambini sono pronti?
The new shoes are beautiful and clean.	Le scarpe nuove sono belle e pulite.
The Italian documents are ready.	I documenti italiani sono pronti.
The plates are not new.	I piatti non sono nuovi.
The Italian houses are very beautiful.	Le case italiane sono molto belle.
The tickets are not ready.	I biglietti non sono pronti.
The windows are closed, but the doors are open.	Le finestre sono chiuse, ma le porte sono aperte.
The red pencils are small.	Le matite rosse sono piccole.
The trains and the bags are here.	I treni e le borse sono qui.
the word	la parola
The Italian words are new.	Le parole italiane sono nuove.
The words are not bad.	Le parole non sono cattive.
the little girl	la bambina
The little girl is small and very nice.	La bambina è piccola e molto simpatica.
The boy is sad, but the little girl is happy.	Il bambino è triste, ma la bambina è felice.

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