Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

When describing an action you perform without doing something else, Italian uses the preposition **senza** (without) followed by an infinitive verb, provided the subject is the same for both actions.

### Senza + Present Infinitive

Use **senza** with a present infinitive to describe skipping an action that would normally happen at the same time, or to describe how you do something (such as acting quietly or stealthily).

{{item:821498}}

{{item:821503}}

If the verb takes an object or reflexive pronoun, drop the final *-e* of the infinitive and attach the pronoun directly to the end.

{{item:821501}}

{{item:821504}}

### Senza + Past Infinitive

If the action you didn't do is in the past relative to the main action (meaning "without *having* done" it), use **senza** followed by a past infinitive. You form this by combining the infinitive of the auxiliary verb (**avere** or **essere**) with the past participle of the main verb.

{{item:821505}}

{{item:821511}}

Pronoun rules remain exactly the same: attach them directly to the end of the auxiliary verb's infinitive.

{{item:821499}}

Clauses of exclusion (senza + infinitive)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
to knock	bussare
One does not enter without knocking.	Non si entra senza bussare.
He left without having said goodbye to me.	Se n'è andato senza avermi salutato.
to slam, to bang	sbattere
She closed the door without slamming it.	Ha chiuso la porta senza sbatterla.
to wake up (someone)	svegliare
We went out without waking the grandfather.	Siamo usciti senza svegliare il nonno.
I got up without waking him up.	Mi sono alzato senza svegliarlo.
He passed the exam without having studied.	Ha superato l'esame senza aver studiato.
to hesitate	esitare
She answered without hesitating.	Ha risposto senza esitare.
We managed to leave without paying the bill.	Ce l'abbiamo fatta ad andarcene senza pagare il conto.
to smile	sorridere
You looked at me without smiling.	Mi hai guardato senza sorridere.
He answered without having understood the question.	Ha risposto senza aver capito la domanda.
He cleaned the room without moving the furniture.	Ha pulito la stanza senza spostare i mobili.
He went out without saying a word, and we didn't talk about it.	È uscito senza dire una parola, e non ne abbiamo parlato.
They broke up without having argued.	Si sono lasciati senza aver litigato.
the suspicion	il sospetto
I had a suspicion, but the man entered without knocking and without hesitating.	Ho avuto un sospetto, ma l'uomo è entrato senza bussare e senza esitare.
to sigh	sospirare
He smiled without sighing and without slamming the door.	Lui ha sorriso senza sospirare e senza sbattere la porta.
to step on, to trample	calpestare
the tear	la lacrima
The child moved his foot without stepping on the flower and without a tear.	Il bambino ha spostato il piede senza calpestare il fiore e senza una lacrima.
She wiped a tear without sighing to hide the suspicion.	Lei ha asciugato una lacrima senza sospirare per nascondere il sospetto.
He cleaned his foot without stepping on the rug.	Lui ha pulito il piede senza calpestare il tappeto.