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Carnival (*il Carnevale*) is usually a cheerful festival with colorful floats and people dressing up.

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But bad weather can quickly ruin the festivities.

### Weather Verbs in the Past Tense

Unlike most Italian verbs, weather verbs like *piovere* (to rain), *nevicare* (to snow), and *grandinare* (to hail) are flexible in the *passato prossimo*. You can use **either** *essere* or *avere* — both are correct and mean the exact same thing!

Using *avere*:

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Using *essere*:

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Because weather verbs are impersonal (they don't have a specific subject), the past participle always ends in **-o**, even with *essere*.

This applies to all weather verbs, like *piovere*:

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### Describing the Aftermath

If severe weather causes flooding (*allagarsi*), remember that reflexive verbs (ending in **-si**) **always** take *essere* in the past tense, and their past participle must agree with the subject.

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Auxiliaries for weather verbs (essere, avere)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the Carnival	il Carnevale
cheerful	allegro
colorful	colorato
Carnival is always a cheerful and colorful festival.	Il Carnevale è sempre una festa allegra e colorata.
to dress up	mascherarsi
Yesterday it rained, but the children wanted to dress up for Carnival.	Ieri è piovuto, ma i bambini hanno voluto mascherarsi per il Carnevale.
the float	il carro
This year the colorful floats didn't go out.	Quest'anno i carri colorati non sono usciti.
to hail	grandinare
It hailed all afternoon and the rain ruined the float.	Ha grandinato tutto il pomeriggio e la pioggia ha rovinato il carro.
the lightning bolt	il fulmine
It hailed suddenly and we saw a scary lightning bolt.	È grandinato improvvisamente e abbiamo visto un fulmine spaventoso.
the hail	la grandine
The people in the square got scared because of the hail and the lightning bolts.	La gente in piazza si è spaventata per la grandine e i fulmini.
to flood	allagarsi
The street flooded due to the rain and the hail.	La strada si è allagata a causa della pioggia e della grandine.
the celebration	il festeggiamento
The downtown area flooded, therefore they canceled the celebrations.	Il centro si è allagato, perciò hanno annullato i festeggiamenti.
Despite the bad weather, the celebrations were very cheerful.	Nonostante il brutto tempo, i festeggiamenti sono stati molto allegri.
The girls didn't dress up because it rained all day.	Le ragazze non si sono mascherate perché ha piovuto tutto il giorno.
It snowed last night, so today there is no Carnival.	Ha nevicato la notte scorsa, quindi oggi non c'è il Carnevale.
It snowed a lot and I saw neither the floats nor the masks.	È nevicato molto e non ho visto né i carri né le maschere.