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Icelandic

In Icelandic, three of the four seasons are neuter nouns, while one is masculine. When talking about the seasons in a general sense, Icelandic typically attaches the definite article (the suffix meaning "the") to the end of the word.

### Spring and Summer

Both **vor** (spring) and **sumar** (summer) are neuter nouns. With the definite article attached, they become **vorið** and **sumarið**.

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### Autumn

**haust** (autumn) is also a neuter noun, becoming **haustið** with the definite article. You will often want to link weather conditions to a season using the phrase **af því að** (because).

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### Winter

**vetur** (winter) breaks the pattern—it is a masculine noun. With the definite article, it becomes **veturinn**. Because it is masculine, any adjectives describing it must also take the masculine form, such as **dimmur** (dark) instead of the neuter *dimmt*, or **kaldur** (cold) instead of *kalt*.

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When preparing for the cold weather, you can use the preposition **fyrir** (for) followed by the season to explain what your clothing or plans are for.

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The four seasons (vor, sumar, haust, vetur)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
the spring	vorið
The spring is very beautiful and bright.	Vorið er mjög fallegt og bjart.
the summer	sumarið
The summer always comes after the spring.	Sumarið kemur alltaf eftir vorið.
I find the summer best.	Mér finnst sumarið best.
the autumn	haustið
The autumn begins soon.	Haustið byrjar bráðum.
I find the autumn sometimes boring because it rains a lot.	Mér finnst haustið stundum leiðinlegt af því að það rignir mikið.
the winter	veturinn
The winter is dark.	Veturinn er dimmur.
The winter is sometimes cold but the wind is worst.	Veturinn er stundum kaldur en vindurinn er verstur.
I have not bought a parka for the winter.	Ég er ekki búinn að kaupa úlpu fyrir veturinn.