Tôi gieo hạt giống vào đất trong chậu.

A word-by-word breakdown is:

• Tôi = I
• gieo = to sow
• hạt giống = seed(s) / seeds for planting
• vào = into
• đất = soil
• trong chậu = in the pot

So the structure is basically:

Tôi + gieo + hạt giống + vào + đất trong chậu
= I sow seeds into the soil in the pot.

Vietnamese often builds sentences in a very direct order like this: subject + verb + object + location/direction.

This is a very common question.

• gieo means to sow seeds
• trồng means to plant/grow something

You usually use gieo when you are talking specifically about putting seeds into soil.

Examples:

• gieo hạt = sow seeds
• trồng cây = plant a tree/plant
• trồng rau = grow vegetables

So in this sentence, gieo is the natural choice because the thing being put into the soil is hạt giống.

These words are related, but not identical:

• hạt = seed, kernel, grain
• giống = breed, variety, stock, seed/seedling material for planting
• hạt giống = seed(s) specifically meant for planting

So:

• hạt by itself can just mean a seed or grain in general
• hạt giống is more specific: planting seeds

In everyday speech, people may say:

• gieo hạt
• gieo hạt giống

Both can work, but hạt giống makes it clearer that these are seeds for planting.

Vietnamese nouns usually do not change form for singular or plural.

So hạt giống can mean:

• a seed
• seeds

The exact meaning depends on context.

If you want to make plurality clearer, Vietnamese can add words like:

• những hạt giống = some seeds / the seeds
• các hạt giống = seeds (more formal/general)
• một hạt giống = one seed

But in many natural sentences, Vietnamese leaves number unstated unless it matters.

vào here means into and shows movement toward the inside of something.

In this sentence, it connects the action of sowing with where the seeds are being put:

• gieo hạt giống vào đất = sow seeds into the soil

It is very natural here because the seeds are going into the soil.

Compare:

• vào = into
• trong = in/inside
• trên = on
• xuống = down/down into, depending on context

So yes, vào is a good and natural choice in this sentence.

Yes. đất can mean different things depending on context:

• soil / earth / dirt
• land

In vào đất trong chậu, it clearly means soil, because we are talking about sowing seeds in a pot.

Examples:

• đất trong chậu = soil in the pot
• mảnh đất = a piece of land
• đất nước = country/nation

So this is a good example of how context tells you which meaning is intended.

It attaches to đất in a natural way:

• đất trong chậu = the soil in the pot

So the meaning is:

• you are sowing seeds
• into the soil
• and that soil is in a pot

Vietnamese often places location phrases right after the noun they describe.

So:

• đất trong chậu = soil in the pot
• cây trong vườn = tree/plant in the garden
• nước trong chai = water in the bottle

No native speaker would understand trong chậu here as describing Tôi.

Vietnamese does not use articles the way English does.

English needs words like:

• a
• an
• the
• some

Vietnamese usually leaves that information to context.

So:

• đất can mean soil, the soil, or some soil
• chậu can mean a pot or the pot
• hạt giống can mean seed or seeds

If needed, Vietnamese can be more specific:

• một chậu = a/one pot
• cái chậu đó = that pot
• những hạt giống này = these seeds

But bare nouns are extremely common and natural.

Not necessarily.

Vietnamese classifiers are used in many cases, especially when a noun is counted or specifically pointed out.

For example:

• một cái chậu = one pot
• cái chậu này = this pot

But in the phrase trong chậu, the noun is being used more generally, so no classifier is required.

This is very normal:

• trong nhà = in the house
• trên bàn = on the table
• trong chậu = in the pot

So the sentence is completely natural without a classifier.

Yes. That is also natural.

• gieo hạt = sow seeds
• gieo hạt giống = sow planting seeds

The version with hạt giống is a bit more explicit.
The version with hạt is a little shorter and often sounds very natural too.

So both are possible:

• Tôi gieo hạt vào đất trong chậu.
• Tôi gieo hạt giống vào đất trong chậu.

It is understandable and natural enough, but native speakers might also say similar things in slightly different ways, depending on context.

Possible alternatives:

• Tôi gieo hạt vào chậu đất.
• Tôi gieo hạt vào đất trong cái chậu này.
• Tôi gieo hạt vào chậu.
  If it is already obvious that the pot contains soil.

Your original sentence is clear. It is especially useful for learners because each part is easy to identify.

A rough pronunciation guide:

• Tôi ≈ toy
• gieo ≈ something like zee-uh or yee-uh, depending on accent
• hạt ≈ haht with a short, stopped ending
• giống ≈ roughly zyohng / yohng with a rising-broken tone
• vào ≈ vow
• đất ≈ duht with a short, stopped ending
• trong ≈ chawng / jawng depending on accent
• chậu ≈ roughly chuh-oh with a dipping tone

A few notes:

• gi in northern Vietnamese often sounds like z
• đ is like a regular English d
• Final t in words like hạt and đất is unreleased, so it ends very abruptly

If you want, I can also give a tone-by-tone pronunciation breakdown of the whole sentence.

The pattern is:

Subject + Verb + Object + Direction/Location

Specifically:

• Tôi = subject
• gieo = verb
• hạt giống = object
• vào đất trong chậu = where the action goes / location phrase

So a very useful model is:

[person] + [action] + [thing] + [where/to where]

For example:

• Tôi bỏ sách vào túi. = I put the book into the bag.
• Cô ấy cắm hoa vào bình. = She puts flowers into the vase.
• Tôi gieo hạt vào đất. = I sow seeds into the soil.

This sentence is a good example of normal Vietnamese word order.