Bác sĩ thú y kiểm tra thể trạng.

Bác sĩ by itself usually means doctor in the human/medical sense.
To specify a veterinarian, Vietnamese adds thú y, which relates to animal medicine.

So:

• bác sĩ = doctor
• bác sĩ thú y = veterinarian / vet

You can think of thú y as narrowing the profession from general doctor to animal doctor.

You can do both.

Word by word:

• bác sĩ = doctor
• thú y = veterinary / animal medicine

Together, bác sĩ thú y functions as a single noun phrase meaning veterinarian.

In real usage, learners should remember the whole expression as a set phrase.

The sentence follows the very common Vietnamese pattern:

Subject + Verb + Object

Here:

• Bác sĩ thú y = subject
• kiểm tra = verb
• thể trạng = object

So the structure is very straightforward for an English speaker.

Kiểm tra means to check, inspect, examine, look over.

It is a broad verb and can be used in many contexts, not just medicine:

• kiểm tra bài tập = check homework
• kiểm tra xe = inspect a vehicle
• kiểm tra sức khỏe = check health

In this sentence, it fits the idea of a vet checking or examining an animal’s condition.

A close medical alternative is khám, which often sounds more specifically like a medical examination by a doctor.

Not exactly.

Thể trạng refers more specifically to a person’s or animal’s physical condition, constitution, or overall bodily state.

Sức khỏe is the more general word for health.

So:

• sức khỏe = health
• thể trạng = physical condition / bodily condition

In a veterinary context, kiểm tra thể trạng suggests checking the animal’s body condition or physical state, not just health in a broad abstract sense.

Vietnamese does not use articles like English does.

So a sentence like this can naturally appear without words corresponding to the or a.
Whether it means the veterinarian, a veterinarian, or the vet depends on context.

This is very normal in Vietnamese.

Not necessarily.

Vietnamese often leaves out information that is understood from context. If everyone already knows which animal is being discussed, the sentence can simply say:

• Bác sĩ thú y kiểm tra thể trạng.

If you want to make the object explicit, you could say something like:

• Bác sĩ thú y kiểm tra thể trạng của con vật.
  = The veterinarian checks the animal’s physical condition.

So the shorter sentence is natural when the context is already clear.

Vietnamese does not always mark tense or aspect unless it is necessary.

Without đang, the sentence can simply state the action in a neutral way. Depending on context, it may mean something like:

• the vet checks
• the vet is checking
• the vet checked

If you want to emphasize that the action is happening right now, you could say:

• Bác sĩ thú y đang kiểm tra thể trạng.

Here, đang marks an ongoing action.

Yes, often you could, but the nuance is a little different.

• kiểm tra = check, inspect, examine
• khám = medically examine

So:

• Bác sĩ thú y kiểm tra thể trạng sounds like the vet is checking the physical condition.
• Bác sĩ thú y khám sounds more like the vet is performing a medical examination.

If the context is clinical, khám may sound more specifically medical.
If the focus is on checking condition, kiểm tra thể trạng works very well.

A few pronunciation points that often help English speakers:

• bác has a rising sharp tone
• sĩ has a creaky rising tone
• thú has a rising sharp tone
• y is a long ee sound
• kiểm has a dipping/rising tone
• tra is level
• thể has a dipping/rising tone
• trạng has a heavy low tone with a stop-like ending feel

A rough learner-friendly approximation is:

• bak see too ee kyeem cha teh chang

But that is only approximate. The tones are very important in Vietnamese, so it is better to learn the phrase with audio if possible.

Yes.

Depending on context, thú y can refer to:

• veterinary medicine as a field
• veterinary as an adjective
• sometimes even the vet profession in a broader sense

Examples:

• ngành thú y = the veterinary field
• bệnh viện thú y = veterinary hospital
• bác sĩ thú y = veterinarian

So in this sentence, thú y helps specify what kind of doctor is meant.

Yes, it can.

In Vietnamese, profession words are often used in direct address. So someone may address a doctor as:

• Bác sĩ ơi! = Doctor!

That said, in your sentence, bác sĩ thú y is simply the subject noun phrase, not direct address.

It is grammatical and natural, but it feels a bit context-dependent.

It sounds like a short description, caption, or report-style sentence, such as:

• in a textbook
• in a veterinary procedure description
• in a photo caption
• in a clinical note

In everyday conversation, speakers might add more detail, such as what animal is being checked or where the action is happening. But as a standalone sentence, it is still perfectly acceptable.