Ветеринар перевірив вагу, бо собака кульгає.

Because вагу is the accusative singular form of вага.

• вага = nominative singular, the dictionary form
• вагу = accusative singular, used here because it is the direct object of перевірив (checked)

For many feminine nouns ending in -а, the accusative singular changes to -у:

• книга → книгу
• собака → собаку
• вага → вагу

So перевірив вагу literally means checked weight / the weight.

Перевірив is:

• past tense
• masculine singular
• from the verb перевірити = to check, to inspect
• perfective

That means it describes a completed action: the vet checked the weight.

The past tense in Ukrainian agrees with the subject in gender and number:

• перевірив = he checked
• перевірила = she checked
• перевірили = they checked

So this sentence specifically presents the veterinarian as male.

Because the sentence means that the vet checked the weight because the dog is limping. The limping can be understood as a current condition, even though the checking happened in the past.

Also, Ukrainian present tense often covers both:

• limps
• is limping

So собака кульгає can mean either:

• the dog limps
• the dog is limping

This kind of tense combination is normal in Ukrainian.

Yes. Бо means because.

You could also say:

• Ветеринар перевірив вагу, тому що собака кульгає.

Both are correct.

In general:

• бо = shorter, very common, natural in everyday speech
• тому що = also very common, a bit fuller in form

In this sentence, бо sounds completely normal.

Because собака is the subject of the clause собака кульгає.

After бо, you have a whole new clause:

• собака = subject
• кульгає = verb

Since собака is the subject, it appears in the nominative case.

Not necessarily.

Собака is a noun that is grammatically feminine, but it can refer to a dog of either sex in everyday language.

So in this sentence, собака does not automatically mean a female dog. It just means dog.

If someone wanted to specify sex, they might use:

• пес = male dog
• сука = female dog

But собака is a very common general word for dog.

Because Ukrainian does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So:

• ветеринар can mean a veterinarian or the veterinarian
• собака can mean a dog or the dog
• вагу can mean a weight or the weight

The exact meaning depends on context.

In this sentence, English usually uses the veterinarian, the weight, and the dog, but Ukrainian leaves that unstated.

Yes, that is the natural interpretation from context.

Ukrainian often leaves out possessive wording when it is obvious. Since the sentence is about a vet and a dog, перевірив вагу is naturally understood as checked the dog's weight.

If you wanted to say it explicitly, you could say:

• Ветеринар перевірив вагу собаки.

That means The veterinarian checked the dog's weight.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is more flexible than English, because case endings show grammatical roles.

The given sentence has a neutral, natural order:

• Ветеринар перевірив вагу, бо собака кульгає.

You could also say:

• Бо собака кульгає, ветеринар перевірив вагу.

That puts more emphasis on the reason first: Because the dog is limping, the veterinarian checked the weight.

So the order can change, but the original version is very standard.

Because бо introduces a subordinate clause, and in Ukrainian that is normally separated by a comma.

So the sentence has two parts:

1. Ветеринар перевірив вагу
2. бо собака кульгає

The comma marks the boundary between those clauses.

This is standard Ukrainian punctuation.