Я надсилаю файл через мережу.

• Я = I
• надсилаю = send / am sending
• файл = file
• через = through / via / over
• мережу = network in a changed form

So the literal structure is roughly I send/am sending file through network.

Natural English would usually be I am sending the file over the network or I send the file via the network, depending on context.

The dictionary form is надсилати, which is the imperfective verb to send.

надсилаю is:

• present tense
• 1st person singular
• so it means I send or I am sending

A useful contrast is the perfective verb надіслати, which is about sending something as a completed action. Its future form надішлю means I will send or I will send off.

Because Ukrainian does not normally make the same present-tense distinction that English does between:

• I send
• I am sending

The Ukrainian present tense often covers both meanings. Context tells you whether it is:

• a habitual action: I send files this way
• an action happening now: I am sending the file right now

So Я надсилаю файл через мережу can mean either, depending on the situation.

Yes, it can be omitted.

Ukrainian verbs already show the subject clearly. The ending -ю in надсилаю already tells you it is I.

So both are possible:

• Я надсилаю файл через мережу.
• Надсилаю файл через мережу.

Including я can add:

• emphasis
• contrast
• clarity

For example, Я надсилаю файл, а не ти = I am sending the file, not you.

Because через requires the accusative case.

The basic form is:

• мережа = network (nominative singular)

After через, it changes to accusative singular:

• через мережу = through / via the network

This is a normal pattern for many feminine nouns ending in -а:

• nominative -а
• accusative -у

So:

• мережа → мережу

Because файл is a masculine inanimate noun, and in Ukrainian the accusative singular of many masculine inanimate nouns is the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: файл
• accusative: файл

Since файл is the direct object here, it is in the accusative, but its form does not visibly change.

Here через means through, via, or over.

In a technical or computer-related sentence, через мережу is best understood as:

• over the network
• via the network

Be careful, because через can also mean because of in other contexts. For example:

• через дощ = because of the rain

But in your sentence, it clearly means movement or transmission through / via something.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is more flexible than English word order.

The sentence as written is a neutral, natural order:

• Я надсилаю файл через мережу.

But other orders are possible if you want emphasis:

• Файл я надсилаю через мережу.
  Emphasizes the file
• Через мережу я надсилаю файл.
  Emphasizes the network / the method

The basic meaning stays similar, but the focus changes.

Because Ukrainian has no articles.

So Ukrainian does not have direct equivalents of English a/an and the. Whether something is definite or indefinite is usually understood from context.

That means:

• файл can mean a file or the file
• мережу can mean a network or the network

English translations have to choose an article, but the Ukrainian sentence itself does not mark that difference.

Not necessarily.

мережа means network in a general sense. In context, it can refer to:

• a computer network
• a communications network
• sometimes even the internet

But if you specifically mean the Internet, Ukrainian often uses Інтернет for clarity.

So this sentence most directly means I am sending the file over the network, not automatically over the Internet.