Лікар оглянув сухожилля.

Ukrainian does not have articles like the or a/an.

So Лікар оглянув сухожилля can be translated as The doctor examined the tendon or A doctor examined a tendon, depending on context. English has to choose an article; Ukrainian usually does not.

Оглянув is:

• past tense
• masculine singular
• from the verb оглянути

It agrees with the subject, so it tells you the subject is grammatically masculine singular: лікар.

It also shows a completed action: the doctor finished examining it.

Compare:

• оглянув = examined, looked over, finished the examination
• оглядав = was examining / examined in a process-oriented or repeated sense

Лікар is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence: the one doing the action.

In dictionary form, the word is also лікар, so here it appears unchanged.

Сухожилля is the direct object, so it is in the accusative case.

However, for many inanimate neuter nouns in Ukrainian, the accusative looks exactly the same as the nominative. So even though it is the object, the form does not change here.

That is why you get:

• nominative: сухожилля
• accusative: сухожилля

Yes, this form can be tricky because сухожилля may look the same in singular and plural in some contexts.

So by form alone, it can be ambiguous. Usually the wider context, or the translation given to you, tells you whether the meaning is:

• the tendon or
• the tendons

So if your meaning line says singular, read it as singular in this sentence.

Grammatically, лікар is a masculine noun.

In practice, it can mean:

• a male doctor
• or sometimes doctor more generally, depending on context

If you want to make it clearly feminine, Ukrainian commonly uses лікарка.

For example:

• Лікар оглянув сухожилля. = A male doctor / the doctor examined the tendon.
• Лікарка оглянула сухожилля. = A female doctor / the doctor examined the tendon.

No, Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible.

Лікар оглянув сухожилля is the most neutral order:

• subject + verb + object

But you could change the order for emphasis:

• Сухожилля оглянув лікар. = It was the tendon that the doctor examined / The tendon was examined by the doctor.
• Оглянув лікар сухожилля. = more marked, often literary or expressive

So the original sentence is the most straightforward, neutral version.

Because оглянути means more than just to look. It often means:

• to examine
• to inspect
• to look over carefully

That fits medical context well.

So:

• лікар оглянув = the doctor examined / inspected
• лікар дивився на... = the doctor was looking at...

In a medical sentence, оглянув is much more natural.

This is a question of aspect, which is very important in Ukrainian.

• оглянув = perfective
  Focuses on the completed result: the doctor examined it and finished.

• оглядав = imperfective
  Focuses on the process, duration, or repeated action: the doctor was examining it, used to examine it, or examined it in a less result-focused way.

So in your sentence, оглянув presents the examination as a single completed event.