Kamp alanı göl kenarında.

In Turkish, the present-tense to be is often omitted in the 3rd person.

So:

Kamp alanı göl kenarında.
literally looks like Campsite lakeside-at, but it means The campsite is by the lake.

A fuller, more formal version would be:

Kamp alanı göl kenarındadır.

The ending -dır adds the idea of is, but in everyday Turkish it is usually left out.

Because kamp alanı is a very common Turkish noun compound.

It is built like this:

• kamp = camp
• alan = area
• alanı = area + compound ending

So kamp alanı means camp area / campsite.

This pattern is very common in Turkish:

• otobüs durağı = bus stop
• spor salonu = sports hall / gym
• kahve fincanı = coffee cup

So the -ı in alanı is not random; it is part of the compound structure.

Not in this sentence.

That is a very common confusion, because Turkish accusative -ı/-i/-u/-ü can look the same.

Here, alanı is part of the noun compound kamp alanı, and the whole phrase is the subject of the sentence.

A good test is this:

• Kamp alanı göl kenarında. = The campsite is by the lake.
• Kamp alanını gördüm. = I saw the campsite.

In the second sentence, kamp alanını really is in the accusative.
Notice that the whole compound gets an extra case ending, giving -nı.

So in your sentence, alanı is not accusative.

It breaks down like this:

• göl = lake
• kenar = edge / side / shore
• kenarı = its edge / lakeside as a compound form
• kenarında = at/on its edge

So göl kenarında means something like:

• at the lakeside
• on the shore of the lake
• by the lake

It is a very natural Turkish way to describe location.

Both are possible, but they are built a little differently.

• göl kenarında uses a compound-like structure: lake side / lakeside
• gölün kenarında uses the more explicit of structure: at the edge of the lake

So:

• göl kenarında = by the lakeside / by the lake
• gölün kenarında = at the edge of the lake

In many situations, the meanings are very close.
The version in your sentence sounds natural and compact, almost like saying lakeside in English.

-da / -de / -ta / -te is the locative case, which usually means:

• in
• on
• at

So:

• evde = at home / in the house
• masada = on the table
• okulda = at school

In kenarında, the locative ending is giving the meaning at the side/edge.

So the location part of the sentence is being expressed through this case ending rather than with a separate word like at or by.

That n is a buffer consonant.

The form is:

• kenar = edge
• kenarı = its edge / edge in compound form
• kenarında = at its edge

So the structure is roughly:

kenar-ı-n-da

That -n- appears before case endings after certain possessive forms, especially the 3rd person possessive.

You will see the same thing in words like:

• evi → evinde = in his/her house
• arabası → arabasında = in his/her car
• odası → odasında = in his/her room

So the n is there to connect the endings smoothly.

Yes, Turkish word order is flexible, but the nuance may change.

Kamp alanı göl kenarında. is a straightforward way to say where the campsite is.

If you say:

Göl kenarında kamp alanı var.

that means more like:

There is a campsite by the lake.

So the difference is:

• Kamp alanı göl kenarında. = talking about the campsite, and saying where it is
• Göl kenarında kamp alanı var. = introducing the existence of a campsite at that location

For a learner, the original sentence is a good basic pattern: [thing] + [place]

Not in the same way English does.

Turkish does not have definite and indefinite articles exactly like the and a.

So kamp alanı can mean:

• the campsite
• a campsite
• the camping area
• a camping area

The exact English translation depends on context.

In a sentence like this, English often uses the if the place is already known or understood.

These two vowels are often tricky for English speakers.

• ı is the dotless i
• ö is a front rounded vowel

A rough guide:

• alanı sounds approximately like ah-lah-nuh, but the last vowel is not exactly English uh or ee
• göl sounds somewhat like gurl without the r, but there is no perfect English equivalent

A few helpful notes:

• i and ı are different letters in Turkish
• göl and gol would be pronounced differently
• alanı should not be pronounced like alani with an English ee sound at the end

If you want a simple learner-friendly approximation:

• kamp alanı ≈ kahmp ah-lah-nuh
• göl kenarında ≈ gœl keh-nah-ruh n-duh

Not perfect, but close enough to get started.