Dikkatli olmazsan, çayı masaya dökebilirsin.

It breaks down like this:

• dikkatli = careful
• ol- = to be, to become
• -maz = negative aorist/habitual marker here giving is not / are not
• -sa = if
• -n = you (2nd person singular)

So:

• dikkatli ol = be careful
• dikkatli olmazsan = if you are not careful

A more literal breakdown is:

• olmazsan = if you are not / if you do not become

But in natural English, if you are not careful is the best match.

Because Turkish usually expresses these ideas with suffixes attached to the verb.

Here the order is:

• ol = be
• -maz = not / does not
• -sa = if
• -n = you

So one word can contain a lot of meaning:

• olmazsan = if you are not

This is very normal in Turkish. English often uses separate words, but Turkish packs grammar into endings.

Because çayı has the definite accusative ending.

• çay = tea
• çayı = the tea / tea as a specific direct object

In this sentence, çayı is the thing being spilled, so it is the direct object of dökmek.

Turkish often marks a specific/definite direct object with the accusative:

• çay dökmek = to spill tea
• çayı dökmek = to spill the tea / to spill tea that is specific

The -y- is a buffer consonant added because the noun ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

Because it has the dative ending:

• masa = table
• masaya = to the table / onto the table

With dökmek, Turkish commonly uses this pattern:

• bir şeyi bir yere dökmek = to spill something onto somewhere

So:

• çayı masaya dökmek = to spill the tea onto the table

Again, the -y- is a buffer consonant between the final vowel of masa and the suffix -a.

It comes from:

• dök- = spill, pour
• -ebil- = can / be able to / possible to
• -ir = aorist/general tense marker
• -sin = you

So:

• dökebilirsin = you can spill / you may spill / you might spill

In this sentence, the most natural English meaning is something like:

• you might spill
• you could spill

It is not really saying you have permission. It expresses possibility.

Not really in the most natural interpretation.

The suffix -ebil- can express:

• ability
• possibility
• sometimes a softer, less direct prediction

In this sentence, because of the conditional if you are not careful, it means possibility:

• If you’re not careful, you might/could spill the tea onto the table.

So although -ebil- often gets taught as can, here might or could is a better translation.

Because Turkish usually does not need subject pronouns when the verb ending already shows the subject.

Here:

• olmazsan ends with -n = you
• dökebilirsin ends with -sin = you

So sen is unnecessary unless you want emphasis or contrast.

For example:

• Sen dikkatli olmazsan, çayı masaya dökebilirsin.

This would sound more emphatic, like if you are not careful...

It is basically an adjective meaning careful, but in Turkish the same form often works in ways that English divides into adjective vs. adverb.

Here it is used with olmak:

• dikkatli olmak = to be careful

So in this sentence, dikkatli is part of the expression to be careful.

Compare:

• dikkatli çocuk = careful child
• dikkatli ol = be careful

The order with the if clause first is very common and natural:

• Dikkatli olmazsan, çayı masaya dökebilirsin.

It can be changed:

• Çayı masaya dökebilirsin, dikkatli olmazsan.

But that version is less neutral and may sound more marked or stylistically different. Learners should usually stick with the first order.

So yes, Turkish allows flexibility, but condition first, result second is the most straightforward pattern.

The comma separates the conditional clause from the main clause:

• Dikkatli olmazsan, = if you are not careful,
• çayı masaya dökebilirsin. = you might spill the tea onto the table.

This is similar to English, where a comma is also common when the if clause comes first.

Grammatically, dökmek can mean to pour or to spill, depending on context.

But in this sentence, because of if you are not careful, the natural meaning is clearly spill.

So:

• çayı masaya dökebilirsin in isolation could be ambiguous
• in this full sentence, it strongly means you might spill the tea onto the table

This is a very common real or likely conditional:

• [condition]-sa/-se, [result]
• If X happens/is true, Y may happen

Here:

• dikkatli olmazsan = if you are not careful
• çayı masaya dökebilirsin = you might spill the tea onto the table

It is not a hypothetical past or an unreal condition. It is about a realistic possibility in the present or future.

A stronger version could use a future or more definite result, for example:

• Dikkatli olmazsan, çayı masaya dökersin.
• Dikkatli olmazsan, çayı masaya dökeceksin.

These are stronger and more definite than dökebilirsin.

• dökebilirsin = you might/could spill
• dökersin = you spill / you’ll spill
• dökeceksin = you will spill

So the original sentence is a bit softer and expresses risk or possibility rather than certainty.