Doktor röntgen istedi, çünkü bileğim çok şişti.

Literally, istedi comes from istemek, which often means to want or to ask for.

So word-for-word, Doktor röntgen istedi is something like The doctor wanted/asked for an X-ray.

But in medical English, the most natural translation is usually:

• The doctor ordered an X-ray
• The doctor requested an X-ray

So yes, wanted is the literal idea, but ordered/requested is usually the best English in this context.

Turkish does not use articles the way English does.

In English, you usually need something like:

• an X-ray
• the X-ray

In Turkish, the noun can appear by itself:

• röntgen istedi

That can mean an X-ray or just X-ray in a general sense, depending on context.

If Turkish wants to make it clearly a/an, it can use bir:

• Doktor bir röntgen istedi = The doctor requested an X-ray

But very often bir is not necessary.

This is about the accusative case.

In Turkish, a direct object often stays unmarked when it is indefinite or non-specific:

• röntgen istedi = requested an X-ray

If the object is specific/definite, Turkish often uses the accusative ending:

• röntgeni istedi = requested the X-ray

So in your sentence, röntgen is a bare direct object, which makes good sense for an X-ray.

Because bileğim means my wrist.

• bilek = wrist
• bileğim = my wrist

Turkish usually shows possession with a suffix attached to the noun.

Here the possessive ending is basically -im / -ım / -üm / -um, depending on vowel harmony.

So:

• bilek
  • possessive ending → bileğim

There is also a sound change:

• final k often becomes ğ before a vowel-initial suffix

So:

• bilek
  • -im → bileğim

Because the possessive suffix already tells you that it means my.

• bileğim already means my wrist

So benim is not required.

You can say:

• benim bileğim

but that is more explicit or emphatic, like:

• my wrist
• it was my wrist

In normal Turkish, just bileğim is enough.

The letter ğ (called yumuşak g) usually does not sound like a strong English g.

In bileğim, it mostly helps the word flow and can slightly lengthen the preceding vowel or create a soft glide. For many learners, a helpful approximation is:

• bi-ley-im

Not a perfect spelling-based pronunciation, but close enough for learning.

So don't try to pronounce ğ like the g in go.

Çünkü means because.

In your sentence:

• Doktor röntgen istedi, çünkü bileğim çok şişti.
• The doctor ordered an X-ray because my wrist got very swollen / was very swollen.

It introduces the reason.

It often comes after the main clause, just like in English:

• ..., çünkü ... = ..., because ...

Turkish can also express because in other ways, but çünkü is one of the most common and straightforward choices.

In Turkish, words like çok usually come before what they modify.

Here:

• çok şişti

This means something like:

• swelled a lot
• became very swollen

So çok is intensifying the verb idea.

This is normal Turkish word order:

• çok güzel = very beautiful
• çok seviyorum = I like/love it very much
• çok şişti = it swelled a lot / got very swollen

Good question. Şişti is the past tense of şişmek, which means to swell.

So literally:

• bileğim şişti = my wrist swelled
• bileğim çok şişti = my wrist swelled a lot

In natural English, though, you might translate it as:

• my wrist got very swollen
• my wrist was very swollen

So Turkish uses a verb here where English may prefer an adjective phrase.

This is the regular definite past tense ending in Turkish.

• istedi = wanted / asked for / requested
• şişti = swelled / got swollen

The basic past tense ending is often shown as -DI, because its actual form changes according to vowel harmony and consonant voicing:

• -dı
• -di
• -du
• -dü
• or -tı / -ti / -tu / -tü

So both verbs are in the past tense.

The basic Turkish order is usually Subject–Object–Verb.

In the first clause:

• Doktor = subject
• röntgen = object
• istedi = verb

So:

• Doktor röntgen istedi
• literally: Doctor X-ray requested

In the second clause:

• bileğim = subject
• çok = adverb
• şişti = verb

So:

• çünkü bileğim çok şişti
• literally: because my wrist a lot swelled

This is very normal Turkish structure: the verb tends to come at the end of the clause.

Yes, it is used as a normal Turkish word, even though it originally came from another language.

In modern Turkish, röntgen commonly means:

• X-ray
• sometimes X-ray image/film, depending on context

So Doktor röntgen istedi is a very natural medical sentence in Turkish.