Birden yağmur başladı.

Suddenly, it started to rain.

Breakdown of Birden yağmur başladı.

• başlamak: to start
• yağmur: the rain
• birden: suddenly

Questions & Answers about Birden yağmur başladı.

What exactly does Birden mean here? Is it just suddenly?

Birden literally comes from bir (one) + -den (from), but as a whole it’s an adverb meaning roughly:

• all of a sudden
• suddenly
• out of nowhere / out of the blue

So Birden yağmur başladı ≈ Suddenly, (the) rain started or All of a sudden, it started to rain.

Nuances with similar words:

• birden – very common, neutral, everyday
• birdenbire – a bit stronger, like all of a sudden (slightly more emphatic)
• aniden – more formal/literary, like suddenly / abruptly

All three can work here:

• Birden yağmur başladı.
• Birdenbire yağmur başladı.
• Aniden yağmur başladı.

The meaning is basically the same, just tiny differences in feel and register.

Why is the word order Birden yağmur başladı and not Yağmur birden başladı?

Turkish word order is flexible, and both are possible:

• Birden yağmur başladı.
• Yağmur birden başladı.

The most important rule is: the information you want to emphasize usually comes earlier in the sentence (especially before the verb).

1. Birden yağmur başladı.
   Emphasis is on birden:
   → The suddenness is highlighted: All of a sudden, it started to rain.

2. Yağmur birden başladı.
   Emphasis shifts more to yağmur

   • its manner of beginning:
     → More like: The rain started suddenly.

In practice:

• Saying Birden first sounds very natural as a scene-setting adverb, like Suddenly, ... in English.
• Putting birden right before the verb also sounds natural, just a slight difference in rhythm/emphasis.

Both are grammatically correct; the given sentence is just the more common storytelling style.

Why is there no word for it in Birden yağmur başladı? In English we say It started raining.

In Turkish, subject pronouns (like o = he / she / it) are usually omitted because the verb ending already shows the subject.

• başladı is 3rd person singular past tense: he/she/it started.
• The explicit subject here is yağmur (rain), so we do not need o.

Structure:

• yağmur → subject (rain)
• başladı → verb (started)

If you literally said O yağmur başladı, it would sound strange, like That rain started, which is not how Turkish expresses this idea.

So:

• Birden yağmur başladı.
  Literally: Suddenly, rain started.
  Idiomatic English: Suddenly, it started raining.

Why is there no word for to rain (like a verb yağmak) in this sentence?

Turkish does have a verb yağmak (to fall, to rain/snow/hail), and you could use it:

• Birden yağmur yağmaya başladı.
  → Suddenly, it started to rain. (literally: suddenly, the rain started raining)

However, in the given sentence:

• Birden yağmur başladı.

The idea is the rain started, with yağmur as the subject and başladı (started) as the verb. The act of raining is understood, even though yağmak is not explicitly said.

Both are natural:

• Birden yağmur başladı. – Very common and concise.
• Birden yağmur yağmaya başladı. – Slightly more explicit, emphasizes the process of rain starting.

In everyday speech, the short version (without yağmak) is very normal and idiomatic.

What tense is başladı, and how is it formed?

Başladı is the simple past tense of başlamak (to start, to begin).

Formation:

• Verb root: başla-
• Past tense suffix: -dı (changes form according to vowel harmony and voicing)
• No personal ending needed for 3rd person singular; -dı itself carries person/number when there is an explicit subject.

So:

• başla-
  • -dı → başladı = he/she/it started.

Because the subject yağmur is 3rd person singular, başladı matches it perfectly.

Rough equivalents:

• yağmur başladı → the rain started / it started raining
• yağmur başlıyordu → the rain was starting (past continuous)
• yağmur başlayacak → the rain will start / it is going to start raining

Why doesn’t Turkish use an article like the before yağmur? Why not the rain?

Turkish has no definite article (the). It only has an indefinite marker bir (a/an) in some cases.

• yağmur → can mean rain, the rain, or a rain, depending on context.
• There’s no separate word for the.

In Birden yağmur başladı:

• We understand yağmur as (the) rain or it in English.
• English needs the or it; Turkish expresses definiteness mostly through:
  • context,
  • word order,
  • case endings (for objects),
    but not a word like the.

So yağmur by itself naturally covers what English conveys with the rain or it (started to rain).

What is Birden grammatically? Is it a preposition, an adverb, or something else?

Functionally, birden is an adverb of manner/time, meaning suddenly / all of a sudden.

Historically, it comes from:

• bir = one
• -den = from (ablative case ending)

So originally something like from one (moment), i.e., all at once. Over time it fossilized and is treated as a single word.

In analysis:

• In Birden yağmur başladı,
  birden modifies the verb başladı and tells us how or in what way it started: suddenly.

So: grammatically an adverb in modern usage.

Could you also just say Yağmur başladı without birden? How does that change the meaning?

Yes, you can:

• Yağmur başladı.
  → The rain started. / It started raining.

Difference:

• Yağmur başladı. – Neutral, just states the fact that the rain began.
• Birden yağmur başladı. – Adds that it was sudden, unexpected, all at once.

So birden doesn’t change the basic event, it just adds the idea of suddenness.

How would I say It suddenly started to rain heavily using this pattern?

You can build on the same structure and add heavy (şiddetli or çok) + rain information:

A few natural options:

1. Birden şiddetli bir yağmur başladı.
   → Suddenly, a heavy rain started.

2. Birden çok şiddetli yağmur başladı.
   → Suddenly, it started raining very heavily.

3. More explicit with yağmak:

   • Birden şiddetli yağmur yağmaya başladı.
     → Suddenly, it started to rain heavily.

All are natural; (1) is quite close in style to Birden yağmur başladı, just adding şiddetli (heavy / intense).

How is Birden yağmur başladı pronounced and where is the stress?

Approximate pronunciation (in IPA):

• Birden → /birˈden/

  • bir = like bir in beer but shorter
  • stress on the -den syllable

• yağmur → /jaˈmuɾ/

  • ya = ya in yard
  • ğ is silent; it lengthens the preceding vowel slightly
  • final r is tapped/flapped
  • stress usually on the last syllable: -mur

• başladı → /baʃɫaˈdɯ/

  • ş = sh in shoe
  • ı (undotted i) = like the sound in roses / about (but further back)
  • stress on the last syllable -dı

Overall stress pattern (main stress near ends of words):

• birDEN yağMUR başlaDI

Spoken naturally, the sentence flows quite smoothly, with a slight pause possible after Birden if you’re using it like Suddenly, ....