Ben İngilizce öğreniyorum.

Yes, you can usually leave ben out.

Turkish verbs already show the subject, and öğreniyorum by itself means I am learning because the ending -um marks I. So:

• Ben İngilizce öğreniyorum.
• İngilizce öğreniyorum.

Both are natural.

You include ben when you want to add emphasis, contrast, or clarity, for example:

• Ben İngilizce öğreniyorum, o Almanca öğreniyor.
  I am learning English, and he/she is learning German.

It can be broken down like this:

• öğren- = learn
• -iyor- = present continuous / ongoing action
• -um = I

So:

• öğreniyorum = I am learning

This is a very useful pattern in Turkish:

• geliyorum = I am coming
• yazıyorum = I am writing
• okuyorum = I am reading

-iyor is the present continuous tense marker. It usually describes an action that is happening now or around the present time.

So öğreniyorum means something like:

• I am learning
• I’m in the process of learning

In Turkish, this form is also often used more broadly than English am ... -ing, so it can sometimes sound natural in contexts where English might simply say I learn or I’m studying.

Because Turkish tense and person are added step by step.

The verb needs a tense/aspect marker before the personal ending:

1. öğren- = learn
2. öğren-iyor = is learning
3. öğren-iyor-um = I am learning

So the -um alone is not enough. It tells you who, but -iyor tells you what kind of time/aspect the verb has.

Not always.

In Turkish, the direct object gets the accusative ending only when it is specific/definite in the relevant sense. In a sentence like this, İngilizce is being treated as a general object: English as a language you are learning.

So:

• İngilizce öğreniyorum. = I am learning English.

No accusative is needed here.

You will often see language names used without an object marker in this kind of sentence:

• Türkçe konuşuyorum. = I speak Turkish.
• Fransızca öğreniyor. = He/she is learning French.

Yes. Turkish word order is flexible, although some orders are more neutral than others.

The most neutral version here is:

• Ben İngilizce öğreniyorum.

You may also hear:

• İngilizce öğreniyorum.
• İngilizce ben öğreniyorum.
• Ben öğreniyorum İngilizce.

But different word orders can change the emphasis.

As a learner, the safest default is:

• Subject + Object + Verb

So this sentence is a good model:

• Ben İngilizce öğreniyorum.

Because it comes from İngiliz (English / English person) and is used as the name of the language: English.

In Turkish, names of languages are capitalized:

• Türkçe
• İngilizce
• Almanca
• Fransızca

Also note that Turkish has both i and ı, and capital İ is different from capital I. So İngilizce must begin with İ, not I.

A rough guide:

• ö is like the vowel in German schön or French peu, if you know those. It is a rounded front vowel.
• ğ usually is not pronounced as a strong consonant in modern Turkish. It often lengthens the previous vowel or creates a smooth transition.

So öğreniyorum is approximately:

• öh-ren-ee-yo-rum,
  but with the first part flowing smoothly rather than pronouncing a hard g sound.

A few useful notes:

• öğ often sounds like a long or softened ö
• r in Turkish is usually lightly tapped
• stress here is not strong in the English way; Turkish rhythm is more even

Yes.

The dictionary form, also called the infinitive, is:

• öğrenmek = to learn

To build actual sentences, Turkish removes -mek / -mak and adds other endings:

• öğrenmek = to learn
• öğreniyor = he/she is learning
• öğreniyorum = I am learning
• öğreneceğim = I will learn

So the stem here is:

• öğren-

In many real situations, yes.

Literally, öğreniyorum is I am learning, but in normal usage it can overlap with English expressions like:

• I’m learning English
• I study English

depending on context.

If you mean a general habit like I study English every day, Turkish may still use the same tense in everyday speech:

• Her gün İngilizce öğreniyorum / çalışıyorum.

But often çalışıyorum is used when the idea is specifically I study / I work on it, while öğreniyorum focuses more on the process of acquiring the language.

They are related, but not identical.

• İngilizce öğreniyorum = I am learning English
  Focus: gaining knowledge, acquiring the language

• İngilizce çalışıyorum = I am studying English
  Focus: doing study/work on English

In many situations, both are possible. But the nuance is slightly different:

• If you want to say you are in the process of becoming able to use English, öğreniyorum is very natural.
• If you want to emphasize the activity of studying, practicing, reviewing, doing lessons, çalışıyorum is often better.

Because Turkish is highly agglutinative, which means it builds meaning by attaching endings to a base.

English often uses separate words:

• I am learning

Turkish can express the same idea in one word:

• öğreniyorum

That single word includes:

• the verb idea: learn
• the ongoing tense: am ... -ing
• the subject: I

This is one of the most important structural differences between English and Turkish.