Traktör kuru ot balyası taşıyor.

The sentence follows the common Turkish pattern:

Subject + Object + Verb

• Traktör = subject
• kuru ot balyası = object
• taşıyor = verb

So Turkish is doing something very typical here: it puts the verb at the end.

English would usually say:

The tractor is carrying a hay bale.

But Turkish naturally prefers:

Tractor + hay bale + is carrying

Because Turkish normally places the main verb at the end of the sentence.

So:

• Traktör = tractor
• kuru ot balyası = hay bale
• taşıyor = is carrying

This end-position verb is one of the biggest word-order differences from English.
For an English speaker, it can feel backwards at first, but in Turkish it is the standard pattern.

Because ot balyası is a noun compound in Turkish.

It is made of:

• ot = grass / hay
• balya = bale
• balyası = its bale form used in compounds

So ot balyası means grass bale / hay bale.

This is a very common Turkish structure:

• elma suyu = apple juice
• okul kapısı = school door
• ot balyası = hay bale

The ending on the second noun is called the third-person possessive ending, but in compounds it often does not literally mean possession in the English sense. It is just the normal way Turkish builds this kind of compound noun.

Because this is a compound noun, not a full possessive phrase.

Compare these:

• ot balyası = hay bale / grass bale
• otun balyası = the bale of the grass

The first one is the normal compound and is what you want here.
The second one sounds like a more specific possessive relationship.

So in ot balyası, the first noun stays plain, and the second noun takes the compound ending.

Because the object is indefinite here.

In Turkish, a direct object often stays without the accusative ending when it means:

• a/an
• some unspecified thing
• a general instance

So:

• Traktör kuru ot balyası taşıyor = The tractor is carrying a hay bale

If the object were definite, you would usually use the accusative:

• Traktör kuru ot balyasını taşıyor = The tractor is carrying the hay bale

This is a very important Turkish pattern:

• bare object = usually indefinite
• accusative-marked object = usually definite/specific

taşıyor comes from the verb taşımak, which means to carry / transport.

Here it is:

• taşı- = verb stem
• -yor = present continuous marker

So taşıyor means:

• is carrying
• is transporting

Depending on context, English might translate it as either one.

This is because of how the Turkish -iyor / -ıyor / -uyor / -üyor present continuous form works.

The base verb is taşımak.
When forming the present continuous, Turkish uses a buffer vowel before -yor.

So:

• taşı-
• -yor
• taşıyor

The vowel is chosen according to vowel harmony and the shape of the verb stem.

You do not need to think of it as simply attaching -yor directly to the dictionary form. In many verbs, the shape changes a little when the tense is formed.

In form, it is the present continuous.

So literally it is like:

• is carrying

But in real usage, Turkish -yor can also cover meanings that English sometimes expresses with the simple present, especially depending on context.

In this sentence, though, the most natural understanding is:

The tractor is carrying a hay bale.

Turkish does not have articles like English a/an and the.

Instead, Turkish often shows these ideas through context and grammar.

In this sentence:

• kuru ot balyası without accusative usually feels like a hay bale
• kuru ot balyasını with accusative usually feels like the hay bale

So Turkish often expresses definiteness through case marking, not through separate article words.

Yes.

• kuru = dry
• ot = grass / herbage / hay depending on context

So kuru ot literally means dry grass.

In this sentence, it corresponds to what English would often call hay.
Then kuru ot balyası is literally dry grass bale, naturally understood as hay bale.

Because in Turkish, adjectives normally come before the noun they describe.

So:

• kuru ot = dry grass
• büyük traktör = big tractor
• kırmızı araba = red car

That part is actually similar to English.

Yes, if the subject is already clear from context.

Turkish often drops subjects when they are understood.
You could say just:

Kuru ot balyası taşıyor.

That would mean something like It is carrying a hay bale or He/she/it is carrying a hay bale, depending on context.

But in your sentence, Traktör is included to make the subject explicit.

Then the object would usually take the accusative ending:

Traktör kuru ot balyasını taşıyor.

The important change is:

• balyası → balyasını

That -nı is the accusative ending added after the possessive/compound form.

So the contrast is:

• kuru ot balyası taşıyor = carrying a hay bale
• kuru ot balyasını taşıyor = carrying the hay bale

It is a borrowed word, ultimately from a European source, but it is a normal standard Turkish word now.

Many everyday Turkish words are borrowings, and traktör is completely natural in modern Turkish.

For a learner, the useful thing is that it is easy to recognize because it resembles English tractor.

Roughly like:

bal-yah-suh

A few helpful notes:

• y is pronounced like English y in yes
• ı is the Turkish vowel with no exact English equivalent; it sounds somewhat like a relaxed, unrounded uh
• every vowel is pronounced clearly

So ba-lya-sı has three clear parts.

Probably these three things:

1. Turkish verb-final word order

   • Traktör kuru ot balyası taşıyor

2. Compound nouns

   • ot balyası = hay bale

3. Indefinite vs. definite direct objects

   • balyası = a hay bale
   • balyasını = the hay bale

If you understand those three points, you are getting a lot of useful Turkish grammar from just one short sentence.