Masadan kitap düştü.

A book fell from the table.

Breakdown of Masadan kitap düştü.

• kitap: the book
• masa: the table
• -dan: from
• düşmek: to fall

Questions & Answers about Masadan kitap düştü.

What does the suffix -dan on masa indicate, and why is it masadan?

The suffix -dan marks the ablative case, which expresses “from” or movement away from something. Here masa (table) + -dan becomes masadan, meaning from the table. Vowel harmony applies: since masa ends in a (a back vowel), you use -dan rather than -den.

Which word is the subject of this sentence, and how can I tell?

Kitap is the subject. In Turkish, the subject of an intransitive verb (like düşmek, “to fall”) is in the unmarked nominative case, so you see no suffix on kitap. The verb düştü (fell) agrees in 3rd person singular with this subject.

Why isn’t there an article like “a” or “the” before kitap?

Turkish has no definite or indefinite articles equivalent to English “the” or “a.” Whether kitap is “a book” or “the book” comes from context. If you want to emphasize indefiniteness, you can add bir: Masadan bir kitap düştü (“A book fell from the table”).

How is the verb düştü formed from the infinitive düşmek?

1. Start with the stem düş- (remove -mek).
2. Add the past tense suffix -(y)DI.
3. Vowel harmony turns i → ü (because of the stem’s ü).
4. Consonant assimilation changes the suffix-initial d to t after the voiceless ş.
   Result: düş-tü (he/she/it fell).

Why doesn’t düştü have a personal ending like “-m” or “-n”?

In Turkish the 3rd person singular for most tenses (including the simple past) is unmarked. You don’t add an extra suffix for “he,” “she,” or “it.” The form düştü alone covers all three.

Why isn’t there a direct object in this sentence?

The verb düşmek is intransitive—it doesn’t take a direct object. Something “falls” by itself. Thus you have only a subject (kitap) and an adverbial phrase of source (masadan).

Is Turkish word order always subject-object-verb (SOV)? Why is masadan placed first here?

The default is SOV, but Turkish is quite flexible. Adverbials of time, place, or source often come at the very beginning for emphasis or clarity. So Masadan kitap düştü (“From the table a book fell”) is perfectly natural.

How do I ask “What fell from the table?” in Turkish?

Simply replace kitap with ne (“what”):
Masadan ne düştü?

Can I switch the order to Kitap masadan düştü, and does it change the meaning?

Yes. Kitap masadan düştü is also correct. Placing kitap first shifts the focus onto the book (“The book fell from the table”), whereas Masadan kitap düştü emphasizes the source (“From the table, a book fell”).