Learn Hardcore Turkish: Yangından çıkan duman, bütün sokağı kapladı. - The smoke from the fire covered the entire street.

Yangın means "fire" in Turkish, and the suffix -dan is the ablative case marker that indicates origin. Thus, yangından literally translates as "from the fire" or "of the fire."

How does çıkan function in this sentence?

Çıkan is a verbal adjective (a relative clause without a relative pronoun) derived from the verb çıkmak ("to come out" or "to emerge"). It modifies duman ("smoke") to mean "that came out" or "emerging," specifying the source of the smoke.

Why is the relative clause placed before the noun in Turkish, as seen in yangından çıkan duman?

In Turkish, relative clauses are placed before the noun they modify. Here, yangından çıkan comes before duman to describe "the smoke that came out from the fire" without needing a relative pronoun like "that" or "which," which is common in English.

What role does bütün sokağı play in this sentence?

Bütün sokağı serves as the direct object of the verb kapladı. Bütün means "entire" or "whole," and sokağı (with the definite accusative suffix -ı) means "the street." Together, the phrase translates to "the entire street."

How is the verb kapladı used here, and what does its form indicate?

Kapladı is the past tense, third-person singular form of the verb kaplamak ("to cover"). Its position at the end of the sentence follows the typical subject–object–verb (SOV) word order in Turkish, indicating that the smoke covered the entire street in a completed action.

What is the overall structure and word order of this Turkish sentence?

The sentence follows the standard Turkish SOV (Subject–Object–Verb) order. The subject is given by yangından çıkan duman ("the smoke that came out of the fire"), the object by bütün sokağı ("the entire street"), and the verb by kapladı ("covered"). Additionally, modifiers like yangından çıkan precede the noun they modify, and case suffixes (like -dan for ablative and -ı for accusative) indicate grammatical relationships.