Kız kardeş kitap okuyor.

The sister is reading a book.

Breakdown of Kız kardeş kitap okuyor.

• kitap: the book
• okumak: to read
• kız kardeş: the sister

Questions & Answers about Kız kardeş kitap okuyor.

What is the sentence structure in Kız kardeş kitap okuyor and how does it compare to English word order?

Turkish generally follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. In this sentence, Kız kardeş is the subject, kitap is the object, and okuyor is the verb. In English, we use a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order (“Sister is reading a book”), so the arrangement in Turkish might seem reversed to native English speakers.

How is the verb okuyor formed, and what tense does it indicate?

Okuyor comes from the verb okumak (to read). The suffix -yor is added to the root to form what is usually interpreted as the present continuous tense (though context can also allow for a habitual reading). The ending also marks the third-person singular, meaning that the subject (here, the sister) is understood without needing an explicit pronoun.

Why is there no article like a or the before kitap?

Turkish does not have articles. Nouns are used without additional words to specify definiteness. Whether kitap is interpreted as "a book" or "the book" depends entirely on context, so no separate word for an article is needed.

How do the words kız and kardeş combine to convey the meaning "sister"?

In Turkish, kardeş means "sibling," and kız means "girl." When combined as kız kardeş, they specifically refer to a sister (a female sibling). This compound formation distinguishes it from erkek kardeş, which would mean "brother."

Why is the subject pronoun omitted in this sentence?

Turkish is a pro-drop language, which means subject pronouns are often left out because verb endings provide enough information about the subject. Here, the ending in okuyor already indicates a third-person singular subject, so there is no need to include the pronoun (which would be o for "he/she").

Are there any case endings on kitap here, and could you explain when an accusative ending might be used?

In this sentence, kitap appears in its bare, nominative form because it is being used as an indefinite object. Turkish uses the accusative case ending (such as -i/-ı) on direct objects to mark definiteness. For example, if the sentence intended to mean “The sister is reading the book,” it would be Kız kardeş kitabı okuyor. Since our sentence implies "a book" rather than "the book," no accusative ending is added.