Bu gezegen çok uzakta.

• bu = this
• gezegen = planet
• çok = very / a lot
• uzakta = far away, in a distant place

So the whole sentence means something like This planet is very far away.

In Turkish, the verb to be is often not expressed in simple present-tense sentences, especially in the third person.

So:

• Bu gezegen çok uzakta literally looks like This planet very far away
• but it naturally means This planet is very far away

This is very normal in Turkish.
Compare:

• Ev büyük. = The house is big.
• Hava soğuk. = The weather is cold.

In the present tense, Turkish often leaves is / am / are unspoken.

Both are possible, but they are slightly different in nuance.

• uzak = far, distant
• uzakta = literally at/in a far place, so far away

So:

• Bu gezegen çok uzak. = This planet is very distant.
• Bu gezegen çok uzakta. = This planet is very far away.

In many contexts, these are very close in meaning. But uzakta emphasizes location/distance from here or from some reference point a bit more.

The -ta is the locative suffix, which often means in, at, on.

Here, it comes from:

• uzak = far
• uzakta = at a far place / far away

So the word is built like this:

• uzak
  • -ta → uzakta

This is a very common Turkish suffix:

• evde = at home / in the house
• okulda = at school
• masada = on the table

With uzak, the result is more idiomatic: uzakta = far away.

This happens because of consonant harmony.

The locative suffix has four common forms:

• -da
• -de
• -ta
• -te

Which one you use depends on:

1. the last vowel
2. whether the last consonant is voiced or voiceless

Since uzak ends in k, which is a voiceless consonant, the suffix begins with t, not d.

So:

• uzak
  • -da becomes uzakta

This same pattern appears in words like:

• parkta = in the park
• ağaçta = on the tree

Because çok is modifying uzakta here, and Turkish usually puts modifiers before the word they describe.

So:

• çok uzakta = very far away

This is similar to English very far away, where very comes before far.

Be careful: çok can mean different things depending on context:

• çok su = a lot of water
• çok güzel = very beautiful
• çok uzakta = very far away

Here it means very, not many or much.

The normal, neutral word order is:

• Bu gezegen çok uzakta.

But Turkish word order can change for emphasis.

For example:

• Bu gezegen uzakta. = neutral
• Bu gezegen çok uzakta. = neutral, with very
• Çok uzakta bu gezegen. = more poetic or emphatic, like This planet is very far away indeed

So yes, word order can change, but the version you have is the most standard and natural one for everyday use.

Because bu means this, and it points to a specific planet.

• bu gezegen = this planet
• bir gezegen = a planet / one planet

Turkish does not have separate words for the and a/an in the same way English does.

So:

• gezegen can mean planet or the planet, depending on context
• bir gezegen specifically means a planet
• bu gezegen specifically means this planet

A simple pronunciation guide is:

• Bu ≈ boo
• gezegen ≈ geh-zeh-gen
• çok ≈ chohk
• uzakta ≈ oo-zak-tah

A rough full pronunciation:

boo geh-zeh-gen chohk oo-zak-tah

A few useful notes:

• ç is pronounced like ch
• c in Turkish is pronounced like English j
• u is usually like oo
• Turkish pronunciation is generally quite consistent with spelling

Not exactly, because çok clearly adds emphasis.

• Bu gezegen uzakta. = This planet is far away.
• Bu gezegen çok uzakta. = This planet is very far away.

So if çok is there, you should include very or something similar in English.

Yes, it can be used with many kinds of nouns, not just places.

Examples:

• Okul uzakta. = The school is far away.
• Evimiz çok uzakta. = Our house is very far away.
• Arkadaşım uzakta. = My friend is far away.
• Yıldızlar çok uzakta. = The stars are very far away.

So uzakta works for anything that is located at a distance.

With I, you, we, etc., Turkish usually adds personal endings.

For example:

• Ben çok uzaktayım. = I am very far away.
• Sen çok uzaktasın. = You are very far away.
• Biz çok uzaktayız. = We are very far away.

But in the third person singular, the present-tense copula is often zero:

• O çok uzakta. = He/She/It is very far away.
• Bu gezegen çok uzakta. = This planet is very far away.

So the lack of an explicit is is especially common in sentences like this one.