Üç yıl hapiste kaldı.

In Turkish, after a number, the noun normally stays singular.

So:

• bir yıl = one year
• üç yıl = three years
• on yıl = ten years

This is different from English, where we usually make the noun plural after numbers.

Hapiste means in prison or in jail.

It is made from:

• hapis = prison / imprisonment
• -te = the locative ending, meaning in / at / on

So hapiste literally means in prison.

This is because of consonant harmony.

The locative suffix has four common forms:

• -de
• -da
• -te
• -ta

Which one you use depends on:

1. the last vowel of the word
2. whether the last consonant is voiced or voiceless

In hapis, the last vowel is i, so the suffix needs the front-vowel version: -de / -te.
The last consonant is s, which is voiceless, so d becomes t.

That gives:

• hapis + te = hapiste

Both can be correct, but they are slightly different in feel.

• hapiste is very common and idiomatic.
• hapishanede is more literal: in the prison building / prison institution.

In many contexts, Turkish prefers hapiste when talking about someone being in prison as a status or condition.

So Üç yıl hapiste kaldı sounds very natural.

Here, kaldı comes from kalmak, which usually means to stay, to remain, or to be left.

In this sentence, it means something like:

• stayed
• remained
• spent time

So with places or situations, kalmak often means to stay in that place/state for some time.

Examples:

• Evde kaldı. = He/She stayed at home.
• Otelde kaldık. = We stayed at a hotel.
• Hapiste kaldı. = He/She stayed in prison / spent time in prison.

It is the simple past (also called the definite past) in Turkish.

Structure:

• kal- = verb stem
• -dı = past tense ending

Because of sound harmony and consonant changes, -dı appears here as -dı.

So kaldı means stayed / remained.

This tense is typically used for a completed action or state in the past.

Turkish often leaves the subject pronoun out when it is already understood.

So:

• O üç yıl hapiste kaldı.
• Üç yıl hapiste kaldı.

Both can mean the same thing: He/She stayed in prison for three years.

Turkish does this very often, because the context usually makes the subject clear.

No, Turkish word order is flexible, although some orders sound more neutral than others.

Üç yıl hapiste kaldı is a natural, neutral way to say it.

You may also hear:

• Hapiste üç yıl kaldı.
• Üç yıl kaldı hapiste. (less neutral, more marked)

Changing the order usually changes the focus or emphasis, not the basic meaning.

Because üç yıl is the duration expression: it tells us for how long.

In Turkish, duration expressions often come before the verb, and very often before or near the place expression as well.

So:

• Üç yıl hapiste kaldı = natural ordering
• duration + location + verb

This pattern is very common in Turkish.

No. Kalmak is a very common verb with several related meanings, such as:

• to stay
• to remain
• to be left
• to be stuck
• sometimes to fail / be held back in certain expressions

Examples:

• Evde kaldı. = He/She stayed at home.
• Bir parça pasta kaldı. = One piece of cake remained.
• Yolda kaldık. = We got stranded on the road.

So in this sentence, you understand the meaning from the context: to stay / spend time in prison.

Yes. Yıl and sene both mean year.

So you could also say:

• Üç sene hapiste kaldı.

Both are natural.
Very roughly:

• yıl can feel a bit more neutral or standard
• sene is also very common in everyday speech

Yes, but it is especially common in certain expressions.

For example:

• hapis cezası = prison sentence
• hapiste olmak = to be in prison
• hapse girmek = to go to prison

So while hapishane is the more concrete word for prison, hapis is also widely used, especially in expressions connected with imprisonment.

Yes. In natural English, the best translation will often be something like:

• He/She was in prison for three years
• He/She spent three years in prison

Even though the Turkish verb is literally stayed/remained, the overall meaning in English is often expressed more naturally with was or spent.

So this is a good example where the most natural English wording is not always a word-for-word match.