Kamp ocağı gaz kartuşuyla çalışıyor.

Because kamp ocağı is a Turkish noun compound, meaning something like camp stove.

In this kind of compound, the second noun usually takes a suffix that looks like the 3rd-person possessive ending:

• ocak → ocak + ı → ocağı

Also, final k often softens to ğ when a vowel-initial suffix is added:

• ocak → ocağı
• compare bıçak → bıçağı

So kamp ocağı is the normal compound form, not just kamp ocak.

It is an indefinite noun compound.

Structure:

• kamp = camp
• ocağı = its stove / stove-of

But in natural English, you translate the whole thing as camp stove, not camp's stove.

This is a very common Turkish pattern:

• kahve fincanı = coffee cup
• çay bardağı = tea glass
• yatak odası = bedroom

So kamp ocağı works the same way.

No, here -u is not the accusative.

In gaz kartuşu, it is part of the noun compound:

• gaz = gas
• kartuşu = cartridge/canister in compound form

So gaz kartuşu means gas cartridge / gas canister.

This matters because learners often confuse this with the accusative. Compare:

• gaz kartuşu = gas cartridge
• gaz kartuşunu = the gas cartridge, as a definite direct object

So in your sentence, kartuşu is just part of the noun phrase, not an object marker.

-yla is the attached form of ile, which means with or by means of.

So:

• gaz kartuşu ile
• gaz kartuşuyla

Both mean the same thing here: with a gas cartridge / by using a gas cartridge.

In this sentence, it has an instrumental meaning: it tells you what the stove operates with.

Because ile is very often attached to the word before it.

When it attaches:

• after a consonant: -la / -le
• after a vowel: -yla / -yle

Since kartuşu ends in a vowel, Turkish uses a buffer y:

• kartuşu + ile → kartuşuyla

The choice between -la and -le follows vowel harmony. Since the last vowel is a back vowel, you get -la, so the result is -yla.

Yes. Both are correct.

• gaz kartuşuyla çalışıyor
• gaz kartuşu ile çalışıyor

The attached form is very common and natural in everyday Turkish. The separate form can sound a bit more careful or formal, but both are standard.

Yes, literally it is the -yor form of çalışmak, often taught first as the present continuous.

But in Turkish, -yor is also very commonly used for general present meaning, especially with everyday statements like how something functions.

So:

• Kamp ocağı gaz kartuşuyla çalışıyor
  can naturally mean
• The camp stove works/runs on a gas cartridge

Turkish does not always match English tense usage one-to-one.

Yes, çalışır is possible, but it sounds a bit different.

• çalışıyor = very natural in ordinary speech; often used for how something works
• çalışır = more general, factual, instructional, or habitual in tone

So çalışır might sound more like something in a manual or a general statement, while çalışıyor sounds very natural in conversation.

Yes. Çalışmak is used for both people and machines.

For example:

• Ben çalışıyorum. = I am working.
• Makine çalışıyor. = The machine is running/working.
• Saat çalışıyor. = The clock is working.
• Araba çalışmıyor. = The car isn't starting / isn't working.

So in your sentence, çalışıyor means the stove functions / runs / operates.

Because Turkish normally puts the finite verb at the end of the sentence.

So the structure here is roughly:

• Kamp ocağı = subject
• gaz kartuşuyla = instrumental phrase
• çalışıyor = verb

This is the neutral, standard order.

You can move things around for emphasis, but the basic pattern is very often ... verb at the end.

Yes, but it changes the emphasis more than the basic meaning.

For example:

• Kamp ocağı gaz kartuşuyla çalışıyor.
  Neutral: The camp stove works with a gas cartridge.

• Gaz kartuşuyla kamp ocağı çalışıyor.
  Puts more focus on with a gas cartridge.

The original sentence is the most straightforward, neutral version.

Because Turkish does not have a definite article like English the.

Also, bir can mean a/an or one, but Turkish often leaves it out unless it is needed for clarity or emphasis.

So Turkish can simply say:

• Kamp ocağı
• gaz kartuşuyla

without needing separate words for a or the.

Whether English translates it as a camp stove, the camp stove, a gas cartridge, or the gas cartridge depends on context.

In ocağı, the ğ is usually not pronounced like a hard English g.

Instead, it often:

• lengthens the previous vowel, or
• creates a smooth glide between vowels

So ocağı sounds roughly like:

• o-ja-ı
• more carefully: o-djaa-uh / o-dʒaːɯ

The important thing is: don't pronounce ğ as a strong g sound here. It is much softer than that.