Oyma iskarpela ile derinleşti.

Here oyma is a noun, not a finite verb. It comes from oymak, which means to carve, to hollow out, or to gouge.

Depending on context, oyma can mean things like:

• carving
• carved groove
• hollowed-out part
• engraved/cut section

So in this sentence, it refers to the carved part / the carving itself.

İskarpela is a kind of chisel or carving tool.
İle usually means with.

So iskarpela ile means:

• with a chisel
• using a chisel
• by means of a chisel

In this sentence, it marks the tool/instrument used.

Yes. In Turkish, ile can be written separately or in a shortened attached form.

So these are equivalent:

• iskarpela ile
• iskarpelayla

The attached version is very common in everyday Turkish. The separate version can feel a bit clearer or slightly more formal in writing.

Derinleşti means became deeper or got deeper.

It can be broken down like this:

• derin = deep
• -leş- = become, turn into
• -ti = past tense

So:

• derinleşmek = to become deep / to deepen
• derinleşti = it became deep(er)

This is an important distinction.

• derinleşti = became deeper

  • intransitive
  • focuses on the change in the thing itself

• derinleştirdi = deepened it / made it deeper

  • transitive/causative
  • focuses on someone causing the change

So Oyma iskarpela ile derinleşti presents the event as the carving got deeper with the chisel.

If you wanted to say someone deepened the carving with a chisel, Turkish would more naturally use something like:

• Oymayı iskarpela ile derinleştirdi.

The subject is oyma.

That is the thing that became deeper.

A good way to see this is to ask: What became deeper?
Answer: oyma.

So even though English might sometimes prefer a more agent-focused sentence, Turkish here treats the carving as the subject of the change.

Because it is not the direct object here.

In Turkish, the accusative is used for a definite direct object, but oyma is the subject of derinleşti, not an object.

Compare:

• Oyma derinleşti. = The carving became deeper.

  • oyma = subject

• Oymayı derinleştirdi. = He/she deepened the carving.

  • oymayı = direct object

That -yı in oymayı is the accusative marker.

Turkish usually does not use articles the way English does.

So a noun like oyma can mean:

• a carving
• the carving

The exact meaning depends on context.

Likewise, iskarpela in iskarpela ile can often be understood as with a chisel or with the chisel, depending on the situation.

Yes. This is a normal Turkish pattern:

• subject + instrument + verb

So:

• Oyma = subject
• iskarpela ile = tool/instrument phrase
• derinleşti = verb

Turkish often puts the verb at the end.

You can change the order for emphasis, for example:

• İskarpela ile oyma derinleşti.

But the original order is perfectly normal.

Yes, ile can sometimes mean and.

For example:

• Ali ile Ayşe = Ali and Ayşe

But here it means with, not and, because of the context:

• iskarpela ile comes right before a verb and clearly describes the tool used
• a chisel is something you use with, not something being joined to the carving as a second subject

So in this sentence, ile is instrumental: with/by means of.

Yes. English often prefers a more agent-based sentence, such as:

• Someone deepened the carving with a chisel.

But Turkish can very naturally describe the resulting change of state instead:

• Oyma iskarpela ile derinleşti.
• literally: The carving became deeper with a chisel.

So the Turkish sentence focuses less on who did it and more on what happened to the carving.

-ti is the simple past tense marker.

So derinleşti means that the deepening happened in the past:

• it became deeper
• it got deeper

This is the usual past tense used for completed events.

Yes, because both oyma and the overall structure allow a little flexibility depending on context.

Possible English renderings include:

• The carving became deeper with a chisel.
• The carved groove got deeper using a chisel.
• The hollowed part deepened with the chisel.

The best translation depends on what oyma refers to in the wider context. The Turkish grammar stays the same.