Sistre eski astarı çıkardı.

Because it is the direct object of the verb, and in Turkish a specific/definite direct object usually takes the accusative ending.

So here:

• astar = lining / primer / undercoat
• astar-ı = the lining / the primer, as a specific object

The ending is -ı here because of vowel harmony: the last vowel in astar is a, so the accusative form is -ı.

Good question. Astarı is one of those forms that can look ambiguous by itself.

It could be analyzed as:

• astar + -ı = accusative → the old lining/primer as a definite object
• or astar + -(s)I = 3rd person possessive → its lining/primer

In this sentence, the intended reading is normally the accusative object reading: the old lining/primer.

So learners should understand eski astarı here as the specific thing that was removed.

Turkish does not have a definite article like English the.

Instead, definiteness is often understood from context, and with direct objects it is very often shown by the accusative ending.

So English might say:

• the old lining

Turkish can express that idea with:

• eski astarı

In other words, the -ı helps do part of the job that the does in English.

Because the most neutral Turkish word order is usually:

• Subject + Object + Verb

So here:

• Sistre = subject
• eski astarı = object
• çıkardı = verb

Also, in Turkish, adjectives come before the noun, so:

• eski astar = old lining / old primer

That gives the full order:

• Sistre eski astarı çıkardı.

Yes. Turkish word order is more flexible than English, but changing the order usually changes the focus or emphasis, not the basic meaning.

For example, the neutral order is:

• Sistre eski astarı çıkardı.

But other orders can be possible in context, especially in speech or for emphasis. Still, for learners, this sentence is best understood as a standard SOV sentence.

One thing that does not normally change is that the adjective stays before the noun:

• eski astarı stays together

You would not normally separate eski from astarı.

Because Turkish adjectives do not agree with nouns the way adjectives do in many Indo-European languages.

So eski stays eski no matter whether the noun is:

• singular or plural
• definite or indefinite
• subject or object

That means:

• eski astar = old lining
• eski astarı = the old lining
• eski astarlar = old linings

The adjective itself does not change.

Çıkardı is the simple past, 3rd person singular form of çıkarmak.

Breakdown:

• çıkarmak = to remove / to take out
• verb stem: çıkar-
• past tense ending: -dı
• 3rd person singular has no extra ending here

So:

• çıkar-dı = he/she/it removed, took out

Since the subject is Sistre, the verb is understood as Sistre removed/took out ...

Yes. They are closely related.

• çıkmak = to go out / come out / exit
• çıkarmak = to take out / remove / make come out

So çıkarmak is the transitive counterpart: someone causes something to come out or be removed.

That is why çıkardı in this sentence means removed / took out, not simply went out.

There are a few clues:

1. Position: in the neutral order, the subject commonly comes first.
2. Object marking: astarı has the accusative ending, which marks it as the direct object.
3. Verb meaning: çıkarmak usually needs something that gets removed, and astarı is that thing.

So the structure is:

• Sistre = the doer
• eski astarı = the thing removed
• çıkardı = removed

A rough pronunciation is:

• çıkardı ≈ chuh-kar-duh, but that is only approximate

A few important points:

• ç sounds like ch in chair
• ı is the dotless i, a vowel that does not exist exactly in English
• r is a tapped Turkish r
• Turkish pronunciation is usually quite regular and spelling-based

The hardest part for many English speakers is ı. It is not ee and not ih. It is a more central, dull vowel. If your ı is not perfect yet, that is normal.

In Turkish, eski can sometimes mean either old or former, depending on context.

For example:

• eski arkadaşım can mean my old/former friend
• eski ev usually means old house

In this sentence, because astar is an inanimate thing like a lining/primer/undercoat, eski is naturally understood as old, not former.