Palamar çok kalın.

• palamar = a mooring rope / hawser; a nautical term
• çok = very here
• kalın = thick

So grammatically, this is:

• palamar = subject/topic
• çok kalın = predicate adjective phrase, meaning very thick

Literally, it is something like The mooring rope [is] very thick.

In Turkish, in the present tense, sentences with nouns or adjectives often do not use an overt word for is / am / are.

So:

• Palamar çok kalın. = The mooring rope is very thick.

This is called a nominal sentence or equational sentence. Turkish simply leaves the present-tense copula unspoken in sentences like this.

Compare:

• Hava soğuk. = The weather is cold.
• Ev büyük. = The house is big.

English needs is, but Turkish often does not.

çok can mean several related things, including much, many, or very, depending on what it modifies.

Here it modifies the adjective kalın (thick), so it means very:

• çok kalın = very thick

Some comparisons:

• çok su = a lot of water
• çok insan = many people
• çok kalın = very thick

So the meaning of çok depends on the word that follows it.

That is normal Turkish word order for this kind of sentence.

Turkish often puts the predicate at the end. Here, kalın is the main descriptive part of the sentence, so it comes last:

• Palamar çok kalın.

This is the natural, neutral order.

English uses subject + be + adjective:

• The mooring rope is very thick.

Turkish commonly uses:

• subject + adverb + adjective

with the adjective at the end.

Because kalın palamar and Palamar çok kalın do not mean the same thing grammatically.

• kalın palamar = a thick mooring rope
  
  • Here kalın directly modifies the noun.
• Palamar çok kalın = The mooring rope is very thick
  
  • Here kalın is the predicate of the whole sentence.

So:

• kalın palamar = noun phrase
• Palamar çok kalın = full sentence

That is an important distinction in Turkish.

Not for all learners. Palamar is a fairly specialized nautical word. It refers to a thick rope used for mooring a boat or ship.

So if this word feels unfamiliar, that is normal. It is not as basic as words like ip (rope) or halat (rope / cable).

Depending on context, a learner might see it translated as:

• mooring rope
• hawser
• mooring line

No. Turkish does not use articles the same way English does.

Palamar çok kalın can mean:

• The mooring rope is very thick
• A mooring rope is very thick

Which one sounds best in English depends on context.

Turkish often leaves this unspecified unless something else makes it clear.

kalın is pronounced roughly like kah-luhn, but the last vowel is important.

The letter ı is the Turkish dotless i, and it is not the same as English ee or Turkish i.

A rough guide:

• ka = like ka in father
• lın = with a short, central vowel made far back in the mouth

Also:

• kalın has stress typically on the second syllable in isolation: ka-LIN

This ı sound is one of the trickier Turkish vowels for English speakers.

Here, kalın means thick.

It is used for things with physical thickness, such as:

• kalın kitap = thick book
• kalın ip = thick rope
• duvar kalın = the wall is thick

Its common opposite is ince:

• ince = thin
• kalın = thick

Depending on context, kalın can also describe things like a thick voice or bold/thick lines, but in this sentence it is clearly physical thickness.

Yes, but changing the order can change the emphasis or make the sentence sound less neutral.

The most neutral version is:

• Palamar çok kalın.

If you say:

• Palamar kalın.
  that means The mooring rope is thick, without the extra emphasis of very.

If you say:

• Çok kalın palamar
  that is usually understood as a very thick mooring rope, which is a noun phrase, not the same full sentence.

So for the intended meaning, Palamar çok kalın is the best standard form.

You use değil for negation in this kind of sentence.

• Palamar çok kalın değil. = The mooring rope is not very thick.

If you want:

• The mooring rope is thin, you would usually say:
  • Palamar ince.

So:

• positive: Palamar çok kalın.
• negative: Palamar çok kalın değil.

You add the question particle mı after the predicate phrase:

• Palamar çok kalın mı? = Is the mooring rope very thick?

Notice that mı is separate in writing.

Pattern:

• statement: Palamar çok kalın.
• question: Palamar çok kalın mı?

It is neutral in grammar.

The only unusual thing is the word palamar, which is technical or maritime vocabulary. But the sentence structure itself is completely normal and natural Turkish.

So the grammar is everyday Turkish, even if the noun is somewhat specialized.