Farbrodern sitter kvar på balkongen och dricker te.

Yes. Swedish often makes this distinction:

• farbror = your father's brother
• morbror = your mother's brother

So farbrodern means the father's brother / the paternal uncle. English usually just says uncle, so this is a difference learners often notice.

Because farbrodern is the definite form: the uncle rather than just an uncle / uncle.

With many Swedish nouns, definiteness is shown by adding an ending to the noun. Here:

• farbror = paternal uncle
• farbrodern = the paternal uncle

This word is a little less straightforward than very regular nouns, so it is best to learn farbrodern as the definite form.

Swedish very often uses a position verb to describe where someone is:

• sitter = sits / is sitting
• står = stands / is standing
• ligger = lies / is lying

So Farbrodern sitter på balkongen does not just say that he is on the balcony; it tells you that he is there in a sitting position.

English often uses is in places where Swedish prefers a position verb.

kvar means remaining, still there, or left behind, depending on context.

So sitter kvar means something like:

• is still sitting
• remains seated
• stays sitting

It adds the idea that he has not left. Without kvar, the sentence would simply say that he is sitting on the balcony and drinking tea. With kvar, it suggests he is still there.

Because that is the definite singular form of en balkong:

• en balkong = a balcony
• balkongen = the balcony

This is a regular pattern for many en-words: you add -en to make them definite.

Because på is the normal preposition for balcony in Swedish.

• på balkongen = on the balcony

Even though English also says on the balcony, learners often still wonder about Swedish prepositions because they do not always match English. In this case, they do match.

Using i balkongen would sound wrong in normal Swedish.

Because te is being used as a mass noun here, just like tea in English.

After dricker, Swedish often uses no article with drinks in a general sense:

• dricker te = drinks tea / is drinking tea
• dricker kaffe = drinks coffee
• dricker vatten = drinks water

If you said ett te, that would usually mean a tea in the sense of one tea / one cup of tea, for example when ordering at a café.

Because Swedish normally uses the simple present tense for both:

• habitual actions
• actions happening right now

So:

• sitter can mean sits or is sitting
• dricker can mean drinks or is drinking

The context tells you which meaning is intended. In this sentence, it clearly describes something happening right now.

Because the same subject continues across both verbs.

The structure is:

• Farbrodern = subject
• sitter kvar på balkongen = first verb phrase
• och dricker te = second verb phrase

So Swedish, like English, does not need to repeat the subject:

• The uncle is still sitting on the balcony and drinking tea

You could repeat it, but that would sound unnecessary and unnatural here.

Yes. You could say:

På balkongen sitter farbrodern kvar och dricker te.

This is good Swedish too. It puts more focus on where he is.

A very important grammar point is that Swedish normally keeps the finite verb in second position. So when På balkongen comes first, the verb sitter must come before the subject farbrodern.

That word order rule is often called V2.