Läraren förklarar grammatiken med två enkla exempel.

Because they are in the definite form: the teacher and the grammar.

In Swedish, you usually add the definite article to the end of the noun instead of putting a separate word in front:

• en lärare = a teacher

• läraren = the teacher

• en grammatik = a grammar / grammar
• grammatiken = the grammar

So:

• Läraren = the teacher
• grammatiken = the grammar

This is one of the most important patterns in Swedish.

Förklarar is the present tense of the verb förklara (to explain).

For many Swedish verbs, the present tense is formed by adding -r to the infinitive:

• förklara = to explain
• förklarar = explains / is explaining

Compare:

• förklara = infinitive
• förklarar = present
• förklarade = past
• har förklarat = has explained

So Läraren förklarar... means The teacher explains... or The teacher is explaining..., depending on context.

Because Swedish usually puts the at the end of the noun as a suffix.

English:

• the teacher
• the grammar

Swedish:

• läraren
• grammatiken

That suffix is the normal way to mark definiteness in Swedish.

There are cases where Swedish also uses a separate word like den, det, or de, but that usually happens when there is an adjective before the noun:

• den snälla läraren = the kind teacher
• den svenska grammatiken = the Swedish grammar

In your sentence, there is no adjective before läraren or grammatiken, so the ending alone is enough.

It literally means with two simple examples.

• med = with
• två = two
• enkla = simple
• exempel = examples

Swedish uses med in the same kind of way English uses with here:

• förklara något med exempel = explain something with examples
• skriva med en penna = write with a pen

So Läraren förklarar grammatiken med två enkla exempel means the teacher is using two simple examples as a method or tool for explaining.

Because enkla is the form used before a plural noun.

The basic adjective is:

• enkel = simple

But adjectives change form depending on the noun:

• en enkel bok = a simple book
• ett enkelt exempel = a simple example
• två enkla exempel = two simple examples

Since exempel is plural here (examples), the adjective becomes enkla.

Because exempel is one of the Swedish nouns that often has the same form in singular and plural.

So:

• ett exempel = an example
• två exempel = two examples

The word itself does not change in the indefinite plural.

This is very common with some ett-words, especially words borrowed from other languages or words with certain endings.

You can still tell whether it is singular or plural from the context:

• ett exempel = singular
• två exempel = plural

Because there is no of-phrase in the Swedish sentence.

The structure is simply:

• Läraren = subject
• förklarar = verb
• grammatiken = direct object
• med två enkla exempel = prepositional phrase

So grammatiken is just the thing being explained.

English sometimes uses extra linking words in other kinds of phrases, but here Swedish matches English quite closely:

• The teacher explains the grammar
• Läraren förklarar grammatiken

No of is needed.

This is the normal basic word order in a main clause:

Subject + verb + object + other information

So:

• Läraren = subject
• förklarar = verb
• grammatiken = object
• med två enkla exempel = extra information

This is very similar to normal English word order.

One important Swedish rule is that the finite verb usually comes in second position in main clauses. In this sentence, the subject comes first, so the verb naturally comes second:

• Läraren förklarar grammatiken...

If you move another element to the front, the verb still stays second:

• Med två enkla exempel förklarar läraren grammatiken.

That may sound more formal or marked, but it shows the same rule.

Here grammatiken means the grammar as a subject area or the grammar being discussed.

Swedish often uses grammatik in much the same way English does:

• Jag studerar grammatik. = I study grammar.
• Läraren förklarar grammatiken. = The teacher explains the grammar.

The definite form grammatiken can mean:

• the grammar of a language
• the grammar in a lesson or book
• the specific grammar point being discussed

So it does not necessarily mean a physical book called a grammar. It often means the grammar material or the grammatical system/rules.

A rough English-friendly guide would be:

LAIR-ah-ren fur-KLAA-rar gram-ma-TEE-ken med tvoh ENK-la eg-ZEM-pel

A few useful pronunciation notes:

• ä in Läraren sounds somewhat like the a in care for many learners.
• ö in förklarar has no exact English equivalent; it is a rounded front vowel. Learners often approximate it at first.
• å in två sounds roughly like aw.
• j in Swedish sounds like English y, but there is no j in this sentence.
• Stress usually falls like this:
  • LÄraren
  • förKLArar
  • grammaTIken
  • ENkla
  • exEMpel

Pronunciation varies by region, but this gives a good starting point.

You might hear or understand something like that, but med två enkla exempel is the more natural and straightforward choice here.

Why?

• med = with, using
• genom = through, by means of, via

In this sentence, med is the normal everyday way to say the teacher explains something with examples.

So the most natural version is:

• Läraren förklarar grammatiken med två enkla exempel.

Using genom is not the standard choice here for most learners and most everyday contexts.

Yes. Swedish present tense often covers both ideas.

So:

• Läraren förklarar grammatiken can mean
  • The teacher explains the grammar
  • The teacher is explaining the grammar

Context tells you which one is meant.

If you want to make the ongoing action more explicit, Swedish can sometimes use a construction like:

• Läraren håller på att förklara grammatiken. = The teacher is in the middle of explaining the grammar.

But in many ordinary situations, the simple present förklarar is enough.