Learn Hardcore Swahili: Watoto wameonywa wasiguse chupa yenye sumu hata wakiona rangi nzuri. - Children have been warned not to touch the bottle with poison even if they see a nice colour.

wameonywa is the present perfect in the passive voice. Breakdown:
• wa- = subject prefix for 3rd person plural (“they”)
• -me- = perfect (have/has) marker
• ony- = verb root of onya (“to warn”)
• -wa = passive suffix
Altogether: “they have been warned.”

Why use wameonywa instead of wanaonywa?

wameonywa (perfect) tells us the warning is already completed (“have been warned”). wanaonywa (present) would mean “are being warned right now,” changing the nuance to an ongoing action instead of a finished one.

How is the negative imperative wasiguse formed?

Negative commands for “you (pl.)” use:
• wa- = subject prefix “you (pl.)”
• -si- = negative marker for imperatives
• guse = verb root “touch”
Combine → wa + si + gusa = wasiguse (“do not touch,” to more than one person).

What role does yenye play in chupa yenye sumu?

yenye is a relative pronoun/adjective meaning “that has” or “with.” It agrees with chupa (noun class 9/10), linking chupa (“bottle”) to sumu (“poison”). So chupa yenye sumu = “the bottle that has poison.”

Could we say chupa ya sumu or chupa na sumu instead of chupa yenye sumu?

• chupa ya sumu (“poison bottle”) uses the genitive ya, and is perfectly correct.
• chupa na sumu (“bottle with poison”) is colloquial but less precise.
yenye specifically creates a relative/clause feel (“the bottle which contains poison”), emphasizing possession of the contents.

What does hata mean in hata wakiona rangi nzuri, and what form is wakiona?

• hata = “even if”
• wakiona comes from waki- (“when/if they [do something]”) + -ona (“see”). It’s a conjunctive/conditional sense (“if they see”).
Together: hata wakiona rangi nzuri = “even if they see a nice color.”

Could we use the subjunctive waone instead of wakiona after hata?

Yes. Swahili often uses hata waone (hata + subjunctive) to stress possibility: “even if they happen to see.” Both hata wakiona (conjunctive/indicative) and hata waone (subjunctive) are acceptable, with slightly different shades of meaning.

Why is the adjective nzuri used for rangi nzuri and how does agreement work?
[ANSWER]
• rangi is class 9, and quality adjectives take the class-9/10 prefix n-.
• zuri is the root for “good/nice,” so the nasal prefix adds to it, yielding nzuri.
So rangi nzuri = “a nice color,” properly matching noun class 9/10.