Learn Hardcore Swahili: Nitanunua betri mpya sokoni kesho. - I will buy a new battery at the market tomorrow.

ni- is the subject prefix for “I” (1st person singular).
-ta- is the future‐tense marker.
The verb stem nunua means “buy.”
Put together, nitanunua = “I will buy.”

Why isn’t there an English article like “a” or “the” before betri?

Swahili does not use separate words for “a” or “the.”
Nouns stand alone, and definiteness or indefiniteness is understood from context.
So betri can mean “a battery” or “the battery,” depending on the situation.

Why does mpya (new) come after betri, and why doesn’t it change form?

Adjectives in Swahili follow the noun they modify.
They must agree in noun class.
Betri is treated as a Class 9/10 loanword with a “null” prefix, so the adjective form for Class 9/10 is mpya (unchanged).
Thus betri mpya = “new battery.”

What does sokoni mean, and why the “-ni” ending?

Soko means “market.”
The suffix -ni turns it into a locative: “at the market” or “in the market.”
So sokoni = “at the market.”

Why is kesho (tomorrow) placed at the end, and can I move it elsewhere?

Time words (like kesho) are flexible in Swahili: they can go at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Both of these are correct and mean the same thing:
• Kesho nitanunua betri mpya sokoni.
• Nitanunua betri mpya sokoni kesho.

How would you make the sentence negative (“I will not buy a new battery at the market tomorrow”)?

Replace the future marker -ta- with the negative future marker -ta- + si- on the subject, then adjust the subject prefix:
• Sitakunua betri mpya sokoni kesho.
Here si- = “I not,” -ta- remains the future marker, and nunua is the verb.

How do you form a yes/no question for “Are you going to buy a new battery at the market tomorrow?”

Change the subject prefix ni- (I) to u- (you).
Keep -ta- for future.
Add Je, at the start (optional but common).
Result:
Je, utanunua betri mpya sokoni kesho?
Literally: “Will you buy a new battery at the market tomorrow?”