El policía me pidió la licencia de conducir y el seguro del carro.

Because policía can be masculine or feminine depending on the person:

• el policía = the (male) police officer (or sometimes generic “the officer”)
• la policía = the (female) police officer
  Also, la policía can mean the police force as an institution (e.g., La policía llegó = The police arrived).

me is an indirect object pronoun meaning to me (or from me in the sense of “asked me for”).
In Spanish, unstressed object pronouns like me/te/le/nos usually go before a conjugated verb:

• El policía me pidió... = The officer asked me for...

If the verb were in an infinitive or gerund form, you could attach it:

• Va a pedirme... / Está pidiéndome...

pidió is the preterite (simple past) of pedir and is used for a completed action in the past:

• me pidió = he/she asked me (at that moment)

If you were describing a repeated or ongoing past situation, you might see the imperfect:

• me pedía = he/she used to ask me / was asking me

Not exactly:

• pedir = to request / to ask for (an object or favor): pedir la licencia
• preguntar = to ask (a question): preguntar la hora, preguntar qué pasó

In this sentence, the officer is requesting documents, so pedir is the natural verb.

Spanish often uses the (el/la) where English uses my/your, especially when it’s obvious whose item it is:

• Me pidió la licencia... naturally implies my license.

You can add possession for emphasis/clarity:

• Me pidió mi licencia de conducir y mi seguro. But it can sound a bit heavier unless you need contrast (e.g., “mine, not yours”).

Yes, it’s a common phrase meaning driver’s license.
Literally it’s the license to drive, where de conducir means “for driving.”

Depending on the country, you may also hear:

• licencia de manejar (very common in Mexico and parts of Central America)
• brevete (Peru)
• registro (Argentina/Uruguay, in some contexts)

Spanish often uses de + infinitive to describe a purpose/type:

• licencia de conducir = driving license
• máquina de coser = sewing machine
• sala de estar = living room (room “for being/staying”)

Here, conducir functions like a noun meaning “driving.”

In real-life traffic-stop context, el seguro del carro usually means proof of insurance / insurance papers (the document/policy info you show).
seguro can mean:

• insurance (most common here)
• safe/secure as an adjective (different use): Estoy seguro = I’m sure.

del is the required contraction of de + el:

• de el carro → del carro

(There’s a similar contraction: a + el → al.)

They all can mean car, but usage varies by region:

• carro: very common across much of Latin America
• auto: also very common in Latin America (especially the Southern Cone)
• coche: more associated with Spain (though understood in many places)

So carro fits well for Latin American Spanish.

Because the noun seguro is masculine in Spanish:

• el seguro Even though it ends in -o, which often signals masculine, the key is that it’s simply grammatically masculine and always takes el/un.

Yes, you may hear:

• El policía me pidió la licencia de conducir y seguro del carro.

But repeating the article (y el seguro...) is very common and often clearer, especially in careful speech, because it signals two separate items being requested.