Learn Hardcore Spanish (Latin America): Compré el destornillador en la ferretería, arreglé el interruptor y cambié cada tornillo. - I bought the screwdriver at the hardware store, fixed the switch, and changed each screw.

Spanish normally drops subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows the subject. The -é in compré/arreglé/cambié tells us it’s “I.” Adding yo is possible but adds emphasis (e.g., Yo compré...).

What do the accents in compré, arreglé, and cambié indicate?

They mark the preterite, first person singular, and place stress on the last syllable. Without the accent (compre/arregle/cambie), the forms are present subjunctive or a formal command, not simple past.

Why is the preterite used here instead of the imperfect?

These are completed, sequential actions: you bought, then fixed, then changed. The imperfect (compraba, arreglaba, cambiaba) is for ongoing, habitual, or background actions.

Why use el destornillador and la ferretería instead of un/una?

The definite article suggests a specific screwdriver and the specific hardware store (often the local one). If they’re not specific, say Compré un destornillador en una ferretería.

Why en la ferretería and not a la ferretería?

You buy something at/in a place, so en is used: Compré X en la ferretería. Use a for movement: Fui a la ferretería.

Is destornillador the usual word across Latin America?

It’s widely understood. In Mexico, desarmador is very common. Some use atornillador for a (power) driver. Regional preferences vary, but destornillador works almost everywhere.

Is interruptor the normal word for a light switch?

Yes, but in Mexico apagador is more common for a wall light switch. Interruptor is standard and widely understood in Latin America.

Does cambié cada tornillo mean I tightened each screw?

No. Cambiar here means “to replace.” To say you tightened them, use apreté or ajusté. To screw/unscrew: atornillé/desatornillé; to loosen: aflojé.

Why is cada followed by a singular noun (cada tornillo)?

Because cada always takes a singular noun and means “each/every.” To refer to the whole set without the “each” nuance, use todos los tornillos.

Is cambié cada tornillo as natural as cambié todos los tornillos?

Both are correct. Cada emphasizes doing it to each item individually; todos los treats them as a set. In everyday speech, todos los tornillos often sounds more natural.

Why is there a comma after ferretería, and no comma before y?

It’s a list of three actions sharing the same subject. Spanish typically separates such predicates with commas and does not use a comma before y in a simple series. The punctuation is standard.

Should y change to e before a word like interruptor?

Only when y comes directly before a word starting with the “i” sound (i-, hi-): for example, cables e interruptores. In the sentence, y is before cambié, so no change.

How can I avoid repeating the nouns with pronouns?

You can say: El destornillador: Lo compré en la ferretería. El interruptor: Lo arreglé y le cambié todos los tornillos. Here, lo replaces the direct objects (el destornillador / el interruptor), and le is the indirect object for the switch (understood as al interruptor). If both objects are pronouns with cambiar, le becomes se: Se los cambié.

Are the noun genders correct?

Yes. destornillador, interruptor, and tornillo are masculine; ferretería is feminine. The articles (el/la) match correctly.

Any pronunciation tips for this sentence?

The -é in compré/arreglé/cambié is stressed.
ferretería is stressed on the accented í and has a trilled rr.
interruptor also has a trilled rr.
ll in destornillador is pronounced like a y sound in most of Latin America.

Could I use the present perfect (he comprado, he arreglado, he cambiado) instead?

You could, but in most of Latin America the simple preterite is preferred for finished past actions. Present perfect is more common in Spain for recent past, especially when the time period includes “today.”

Do I need the personal a before el interruptor or cada tornillo?

No. The personal a is used with human (or pet) direct objects. With things, you say arreglé el interruptor and cambié cada tornillo without a.