Learn Hardcore Spanish (Latin America): Tus lápices, cuyos colores son vivos, están sobre la mesa. - Your pencils, whose colors are bright, are on the table.

bold Tus bold means “your” when speaking informally to one person (bold tú bold) and it’s plural because bold lápices bold is plural. Compare: bold tu lápiz bold (your pencil), bold tus lápices bold (your pencils).
bold Tú bold (with accent) is the subject pronoun “you.” bold Tu/Tus bold (no accent) are possessive determiners “your.”
bold Sus bold can mean “your” (formal usted or plural ustedes in Latin America), or “his/her/their,” depending on context: bold sus lápices bold.

Why is bold lápices bold spelled with bold c bold and an accent?

Nouns ending in bold -z bold form the plural by changing bold z → c bold and adding bold -es bold: bold lápiz → lápices bold, bold luz → luces bold, bold pez → peces bold.
The accent mark stays on bold lá- bold to keep the stress there. Without the accent, default stress would shift (in bold lápices bold the default penultimate stress would be on bold -pi- bold), so bold á bold marks the correct stress: bold LÁ-pi-ces bold.

Why is it bold están bold and not bold son bold for “are on the table”?

Spanish uses bold estar bold for location of people and things. So we say bold están sobre la mesa bold. Use bold ser bold for where/when events take place (e.g., bold La reunión es en la sala bold).

Why does bold están bold have an accent?

Words ending in bold -n bold normally stress the next-to-last syllable. Without the accent, bold estan bold would stress bold es- bold. The accent in bold están bold forces the stress to the last syllable: es- bold TÁN bold.

How does bold cuyos bold work, and what does it agree with?

bold Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas bold means “whose” (as a relative determiner) and agrees in gender/number with the thing possessed, not with the possessor. Here it’s bold cuyos bold because it agrees with bold colores bold (masculine plural). Forms:

bold cuyo color bold (whose color)
bold cuyos colores bold (whose colors)
bold cuya tapa bold (whose cover)
bold cuyas tapas bold (whose covers)

Can I say bold cuyos son vivos bold without naming bold colores bold?

No. bold Cuyo bold must be followed by a noun. You need something like bold cuyos colores son vivos bold. If you don’t want to use bold cuyo bold, rephrase: bold que tienen colores vivos bold, bold con colores vivos bold, or bold de colores vivos bold.

Is bold cuyo bold common in everyday speech? How else could I say this?

bold Cuyo bold is correct but tends to sound formal or written. In conversation, you’ll often hear:

bold Tus lápices, que tienen colores vivos, están sobre la mesa. bold
bold Tus lápices de colores vivos están sobre la mesa. bold
bold Tus lápices, con colores vivos, están sobre la mesa. bold

Why are there commas around bold cuyos colores son vivos bold?

Those commas mark a nonrestrictive (nonessential) clause—extra information about all of “your pencils.” It’s like saying, “Your pencils—whose colors are vivid—are on the table.” The clause doesn’t limit which pencils; it just adds a description.

What changes if I remove the commas?

bold Tus lápices cuyos colores son vivos están sobre la mesa bold (no commas) becomes restrictive: only the pencils of yours whose colors are vivid are on the table (implying you have other pencils whose colors aren’t vivid).

Does bold vivos bold mean “alive” here?

No. With colors, bold vivo/viva/vivos/vivas bold means “bright, vivid, intense.” Synonyms: bold brillantes, intensos, llamativos bold. Saying bold colores vivos bold is idiomatic and common.

Should it be bold son vivos bold or bold están vivos bold with colors?

Use bold ser bold: bold cuyos colores son vivos bold (inherent characteristic). bold Estar vivo bold means “to be alive,” which doesn’t apply to colors here.

What’s the difference between bold sobre bold, bold en bold, and bold encima de bold?

bold sobre bold: on (top of), over—often a bit more precise/formal for “on top of.”
bold en bold: in/on—broader and very common; bold en la mesa bold can also mean “on the table.”
bold encima de bold: on top of; similar to bold sobre bold. In parts of Latin America (e.g., Mexico), bold arriba de bold is also common in speech.

Why is it bold la mesa bold and not bold una mesa bold?

bold La mesa bold refers to a specific, known table (the one in context). bold Una mesa bold would mean “on a table” (not a specific one). Spanish uses definite articles more frequently than English when the reference is specific.

Who is agreeing with what in this sentence?

bold Están bold agrees with bold lápices bold (third-person plural subject).
In the clause, bold son bold and bold vivos bold agree with bold colores bold (plural: bold son vivos bold).
bold Cuyos bold also agrees with bold colores bold (masculine plural), not with bold lápices bold.

Can I say bold vivos colores bold instead of bold colores vivos bold?

Normally adjectives follow the noun in Spanish, so bold colores vivos bold is the natural order. bold Vivos colores bold is uncommon/poetic and not typical in everyday speech.

Can I say bold los lápices tuyos bold instead of bold tus lápices bold?

Yes, bold los lápices tuyos bold is correct but more emphatic or contrastive (e.g., “your pencils, not someone else’s”). The neutral, most common form is bold tus lápices bold.

In Latin America, would people ever use bold vuestros/vuestras bold for “your (plural)”?

Generally no. In Latin America, the plural “you” is bold ustedes bold, and its possessive is bold sus bold: bold sus lápices bold (“you all’s pencils”). bold Vuestros/vuestras bold is typical of Spain.

Could I use singular bold color bold instead of plural bold colores bold?

Yes, depending on meaning. bold …cuyo color es vivo bold suggests each pencil has (a) vivid color in general. bold …cuyos colores son vivos bold highlights multiple colors (either per pencil or across the set of pencils).

Any quick pronunciation tips for Latin American Spanish in this sentence?

In Latin America, bold c bold before bold e/i bold is pronounced like English “s”: bold lápices bold → “LAH-pee-ses.”
bold Cuyos bold typically sounds like “KOO-yos” (most regions pronounce bold y/ll bold the same).
Stress the accented syllables: bold LÁ-pi-ces bold, es- bold TÁN bold.