Budući da je bolovanje završeno, zaposleni radi.

Budući da is a conjunction meaning since, as, or because.

In this sentence, it introduces the reason:

• Budući da je bolovanje završeno = Since/Because the sick leave has ended

A learner might notice that budući can also relate to future in other contexts, but in budući da it is a fixed expression and simply means since/because.

Je is the 3rd person singular present of biti (to be).

Here it helps form a resultative/passive-like structure:

• bolovanje je završeno = the sick leave is finished / has ended

So:

• je = is/has
• završeno = finished

Together, je završeno expresses that the sick leave is over.

Because završeno agrees with bolovanje, and bolovanje is:

• singular
• neuter

So the participle/adjectival form must also be neuter singular:

• masculine: završen
• feminine: završena
• neuter: završeno

Since the noun is bolovanje, the correct form is završeno.

Bolovanje means sick leave — the period when someone is officially absent from work because of illness.

It does not simply mean illness. It refers more specifically to the employment/administrative idea of being on medical leave.

So:

• bolest = illness, disease
• bolovanje = sick leave

It is originally an adjective meaning employed, but here it is being used as a noun, meaning the employee or the employed person.

This is very common in Serbian, especially in formal or administrative language.

So:

• as an adjective: zaposleni radnik = an employed worker
• as a noun: zaposleni = the employee

In this sentence, zaposleni is the subject of radi.

Radi is the 3rd person singular present tense of raditi (to work).

So:

• ja radim = I work
• ti radiš = you work
• on/ona radi = he/she works
• zaposleni radi = the employee works / is working

Like many Slavic languages, Serbian present tense can often translate either as:

• works
• is working

The exact English version depends on context.

Because the sentence describes the current result of a past event.

The idea is:

• the sick leave has ended
• therefore the employee is now working

So the first clause refers to something completed:

• je bolovanje završeno = the sick leave has ended / is finished

And the second clause gives the present consequence:

• zaposleni radi = the employee is working / works

It is in the nominative singular.

In the clause bolovanje je završeno, bolovanje is the grammatical subject:

• Bolovanje = the sick leave
• je završeno = is finished

So this is not an object form; it is the basic dictionary form of the noun.

Yes. Serbian word order is fairly flexible.

This sentence could also be written as:

• Zaposleni radi budući da je bolovanje završeno.
• Budući da je bolovanje završeno, radi zaposleni. (possible, but less neutral)

The original order is natural because it puts the reason first, then the main statement:

• Since the sick leave has ended, the employee works/is working.

In normal neutral style, zaposleni radi is the most straightforward order for the main clause.

Yes, it sounds somewhat formal or administrative.

That is mainly because of:

• budući da
• bolovanje
• zaposleni

In everyday speech, someone might use simpler alternatives such as:

• Pošto je bolovanje završeno, zaposleni radi.
• Pošto je završio bolovanje, radi.
  depending on context

But your original sentence is perfectly correct and natural in official or written contexts.

Yes.

Possible alternatives:

• Jer je bolovanje završeno, zaposleni radi.
• Pošto je bolovanje završeno, zaposleni radi.

However, there are differences in style:

• budući da = formal, written, official
• pošto = common and natural for since/as
• jer = because, but it more often comes after the main clause:
  • Zaposleni radi jer je bolovanje završeno.

So while jer is grammatically possible, budući da and pošto are often smoother when the reason clause comes first.

Yes, that is the natural implication.

The sentence suggests this sequence:

1. The employee was on sick leave.
2. The sick leave ended.
3. Now the employee is working.

So even though the sentence literally says the employee works/is working, the broader meaning is that the employee is no longer on sick leave and has resumed work.