Большая рыба иногда выпрыгивает из воды.

Большая is the adjective большой (big / large) in the form that agrees with рыба.

Here it is:

• рыба = feminine
• singular
• nominative case

So the adjective must also be:

• feminine
• singular
• nominative

That gives большая рыба.

A very common thing in Russian is that adjectives must match the noun in gender, number, and case.

In Russian, nouns have grammatical gender. Рыба is a feminine noun.

A useful beginner rule is:

• many nouns ending in -а / -я are feminine

So рыба is feminine, which is why the adjective becomes большая, not большой.

Note that grammatical gender does not necessarily mean biological sex. Here рыба just belongs to the feminine noun class.

Выпрыгивает is the 3rd person singular present tense form of выпрыгивать.

It matches the subject большая рыба, which is singular:

• я выпрыгиваю = I jump out
• ты выпрыгиваешь = you jump out
• он / она выпрыгивает = he / she / it jumps out

Since рыба is singular, Russian uses выпрыгивает.

Because the sentence describes something that happens sometimes, as a repeated or habitual action.

• выпрыгивать = imperfective, used for repeated / ongoing / habitual actions
• выпрыгнуть = perfective, used for a single completed jump out

So:

• Большая рыба иногда выпрыгивает из воды. = The big fish sometimes jumps out of the water.
• Большая рыба выпрыгнула из воды. = The big fish jumped out of the water. (one completed event)

The word иногда strongly encourages the imperfective here.

The basic verb прыгать means to jump.

The prefix вы- often adds the idea of outward movement:

• прыгать = to jump
• выпрыгивать / выпрыгнуть = to jump out

So выпрыгивает literally carries the idea jumps out.

This is very common in Russian verbs of motion and action: prefixes often add spatial meanings such as out, in, up, away, and so on.

Yes, English speakers often notice this.

Russian very often uses:

• a prefixed verb to show the direction of motion
• plus a prepositional phrase to show where the movement is from or to

So in:

• выпрыгивает = jumps out
• из воды = out of the water / from the water

this is completely normal Russian. It is not considered awkward repetition.

You can think of it like this:

• the prefix tells you the type/direction of movement
• the prepositional phrase tells you the source/location

Because the preposition из requires the genitive case.

The dictionary form is:

• вода = water

But after из, it changes to the genitive singular:

• из воды = out of the water / from the water

So:

• вода = nominative
• воды = genitive singular

This is one of the most important things to learn in Russian: prepositions often require a specific case.

Russian has no articles.

So a sentence like:

• Большая рыба иногда выпрыгивает из воды

can mean, depending on context:

• A big fish sometimes jumps out of the water
• The big fish sometimes jumps out of the water
• even something more general like Big fish sometimes jump out of the water

Russian leaves that distinction to context, word order, and the situation.

This is very normal and one of the biggest differences from English.

Yes, иногда (sometimes) can move around more freely than its English equivalent.

Here:

• Большая рыба иногда выпрыгивает из воды.

is a neutral, natural word order.

You could also hear things like:

• Иногда большая рыба выпрыгивает из воды.
• Большая рыба выпрыгивает иногда из воды.
  (possible, but less neutral in many contexts)

Russian word order is more flexible than English, but different placements can change what feels most natural or what gets emphasis.

For a learner, the given version is a very good standard pattern.

It can be either, depending on context.

Russian often uses the singular to talk about something in a general way, especially in short example sentences.

So this sentence may describe:

• one particular big fish that sometimes jumps out of the water, or
• a general type of situation

If you wanted a clearly plural idea, you could say:

• Большие рыбы иногда выпрыгивают из воды. = Big fish sometimes jump out of the water.

Both singular and plural can be used for general statements, but they create slightly different feels.

A helpful stress guide is:

• большАя
• рЫба
• иногдА
• выпрЫгивает
• из водЫ

So one possible pronunciation guide is:

• bal-SHA-ya RY-ba in-ag-DA vy-PRY-gi-va-yet iz va-DY

A few useful notes:

• unstressed о often sounds closer to a
• г in иногда is pronounced as a normal g
• выпрыгивает is long, so it helps to break it into parts: вы-пры-ги-ва-ет

Stress matters a lot in Russian, so it is worth learning words together with their stress.

Из вода is incorrect because из requires the genitive, so it must be из воды.

As for с воды:

• с also can mean from/off
• but it is used for movement off a surface
• из is used for movement out of the inside of something

Since a fish jumps out from within the water, из воды is the natural choice.

Compare:

• из воды = out of the water
• со стола = off the table

So here, из воды is the correct phrase.