Инструкция по безопасности висит рядом с аварийным выходом.

По безопасности is a fixed and very common way to say about safety / regarding safety / on safety.

So:

• инструкция по безопасности = safety instructions / an instruction on safety
• literally, it is something like instruction concerning safety

In Russian, many nouns are followed by по + dative to show topic or area:

• курс по русскому языку = a course in Russian
• книга по истории = a book on history
• советы по здоровью = advice on health

Here, безопасность becomes dative singular:

• nominative: безопасность
• dative: безопасности

So по безопасности is grammatically normal and idiomatic.

Безопасности is in the dative singular.

That is because the preposition по often requires the dative case when it means about, concerning, according to, along.

The noun is:

• безопасность = safety

Its dative singular form is:

• безопасности

This noun belongs to the feminine -ость type, and many such nouns have the same form in several cases, so безопасности can be genitive, dative, or prepositional depending on context. Here it is specifically dative because of по.

Because рядом с means next to / beside, and this expression requires the instrumental case.

So both the adjective and the noun must be in instrumental:

• аварийный выход = emergency exit
• instrumental: аварийным выходом

Breakdown:

• аварийный → аварийным
• выход → выходом

This is a standard adjective-noun agreement pattern in Russian: when the noun changes case, the adjective changes too.

Other examples:

• рядом с домом = next to the house
• рядом с большим домом = next to the big house
• рядом с дверью = next to the door

Yes, literally висит means hangs / is hanging.

In this sentence, it usually means the instruction is physically posted or hanging on a wall or board near the emergency exit.

Russian often uses висеть where English might prefer:

• is hanging
• is posted
• is displayed

So while the literal meaning is hangs, the natural English translation may vary depending on context.

Forms:

• infinitive: висеть
• 3rd person singular: висит = hangs / is hanging

Because the subject is инструкция, which is singular.

• инструкция = instruction / notice / guideline sheet
• therefore the verb is singular: висит

If the subject were plural, the verb would also be plural:

• Инструкции по безопасности висят рядом с аварийным выходом.
• The safety instructions are hanging / posted next to the emergency exit.

So the verb agrees with the subject in number.

Yes. In Russian, инструкция can refer to:

• an instruction manual
• a set of directions
• an official instruction sheet
• a posted safety notice

In this sentence, it most likely means a posted safety instruction or safety notice near the emergency exit.

Depending on context, English could translate it as:

• The safety instructions
• The safety notice
• The safety instruction sheet

So the Russian word is somewhat broader than the most common English word instruction by itself.

Russian does not have articles like a and the.

So:

• Инструкция can mean an instruction, the instruction, or the notice

Which one is correct depends on context.

In this sentence, English might naturally use the:

• The safety instructions are posted next to the emergency exit.

But Russian simply says Инструкция, and the listener figures out from the situation whether it is definite or indefinite.

Yes. Russian word order is flexible, although the neutral order here is very natural:

• Инструкция по безопасности висит рядом с аварийным выходом.

You could also say:

• Рядом с аварийным выходом висит инструкция по безопасности.

This version emphasizes the location a bit more, like:

• Next to the emergency exit, there is a safety notice hanging.

Both are correct. Russian uses word order not only for grammar, but also for emphasis and information flow.

Аварийный comes from авария, which means accident, breakdown, emergency situation depending on context.

So:

• аварийный выход = emergency exit
• literally something like emergency-related exit

This is the standard Russian phrase for emergency exit.

A few related examples:

• аварийная остановка = emergency stop
• аварийное освещение = emergency lighting

So this is normal vocabulary, not a strange literal translation.

The subject is Инструкция по безопасности.

A good way to identify it:

1. Look for the verb: висит
2. Ask: What hangs?
3. Answer: Инструкция по безопасности

That whole noun phrase is the subject.

Its core noun is инструкция, which is in the nominative singular.
The words по безопасности describe what kind of instruction it is.

The phrase рядом с аварийным выходом is not the subject; it is a location phrase meaning next to the emergency exit.

Not exactly in the simplest sense. Рядом is originally more like an adverb meaning nearby / close by, but in the expression рядом с it functions much like a prepositional phrase meaning next to / beside.

So learners usually just memorize:

• рядом с + instrumental = next to / beside

Examples:

• рядом с окном = next to the window
• рядом с машиной = next to the car
• рядом с аварийным выходом = next to the emergency exit

That is the most useful practical way to learn it.

You would make the subject plural, and the verb would change too:

• singular: Инструкция по безопасности висит рядом с аварийным выходом.
• plural: Инструкции по безопасности висят рядом с аварийным выходом.

Changes:

• инструкция → инструкции
• висит → висят

The phrase по безопасности stays the same here, and рядом с аварийным выходом also stays the same because that location phrase is not changing in number.

Here is the stress pattern:

• инстрУкция
• по безопАсности
• висИт
• рЯдом
• с авАрийным вЫходом

A rough pronunciation guide:

• инстрУкция ≈ in-STROOK-tsi-ya
• безопАсности ≈ bye-zah-PAS-nuh-stee
• висИт ≈ vee-SEET
• рЯдом ≈ RYA-dam
• авАрийным ≈ a-VA-ree-ynym
• вЫходом ≈ VY-ha-dam

The most important thing for sounding natural is getting the stress right.