После короткой паузы моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму.

После requires the genitive case, so both words after it change form:

• короткая пауза = a short pause
• после короткой паузы = after a short pause

Here:

• короткой is the genitive singular form of короткая
• паузы is the genitive singular form of пауза

So this whole phrase means after a short pause.

Because дыхание is a neuter noun.

Russian my changes to match the gender and number of the noun:

• мой for masculine
• моя for feminine
• моё for neuter
• мои for plural

Since дыхание is neuter, you say:

• моё дыхание = my breathing / my breath

It can mean either, depending on context. In this sentence, дыхание is best understood as breathing or breath in a general physiological sense.

So моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму means something like:

• my breathing quickly returns to normal
• my breath quickly comes back to normal

English often chooses breathing here because it sounds more natural.

Literally, it means comes into normality / comes into the norm, but in natural English it means:

• returns to normal
• goes back to normal

This is a very common Russian expression:

• приходить в норму = to return to normal
• прийти в норму = to return to normal once, completely

So the verb is not just come in a physical sense; it is part of a fixed expression.

This is a very useful contrast:

• в норму = to normal / into a normal state
• в норме = in a normal state

So:

• приходить в норму = to come back to normal
• быть в норме = to be normal / to be within the normal range

The difference is about movement/change versus state:

• в норму uses the accusative, because there is a change toward a state
• в норме uses the prepositional, because it describes being in that state

Yes, both are possible, but they mean slightly different things.

• приходит в норму = imperfective
  This can describe a process, something habitual, or something stated more generally.
• придёт в норму = perfective future
  This focuses on the result: it will return to normal.

In your sentence, приходит makes it sound like:

• this is what happens
• the breathing quickly settles back to normal
• we are describing the process or general event

If you wanted to stress a single future result, you might say:

• После короткой паузы моё дыхание быстро придёт в норму.

That would mean After a short pause, my breathing will quickly return to normal.

Russian present tense often works where English also uses the present for a general statement:

• моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму = my breathing quickly returns to normal

It can sound like:

• a general description
• a habitual pattern
• a vivid narration of what happens

If the context were clearly about one completed past event, Russian would normally use past tense:

• После короткой паузы моё дыхание быстро пришло в норму.
  = After a short pause, my breathing quickly returned to normal.

So the tense depends on context, not just on the isolated sentence.

Yes, that is possible.

Russian often omits possessive words when it is obvious whose body or bodily process is meant. So both can work:

• Моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму.
• Дыхание быстро приходит в норму.

Including моё can:

• make it more explicit
• add a slight personal emphasis
• sound more natural if the speaker is contrasting their breathing with something else

So моё is not wrong at all; it is just not always strictly necessary.

Yes, Russian word order is flexible.

The neutral order here is:

• моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму

But you could also hear:

• моё дыхание приходит в норму быстро
• быстро моё дыхание приходит в норму
  though this sounds more marked or stylistic

Placing быстро before the verb is very natural and straightforward. It emphasizes the manner/speed of the process.

Russian word order often changes for:

• emphasis
• rhythm
• contrast
• style

But the version you have is standard and natural.

No, normally no comma is needed.

После короткой паузы is just an adverbial phrase at the beginning of the sentence, and in standard Russian punctuation it is usually not separated by a comma.

So this is correct:

• После короткой паузы моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму.

You might occasionally see punctuation used for special intonation in literary writing, but normally there is no comma here.

Yes. Several adjectives would work, with slightly different shades of meaning:

• после короткой паузы = after a short pause
• после небольшой паузы = after a brief / small pause
• после недолгой паузы = after a not very long pause

They are all natural.
Короткой is direct and simple.
Небольшой can sound a little softer or less literal in some contexts.
Недолгой emphasizes duration especially clearly.

It is a common general expression and can be used for many things, not just breathing.

For example:

• Пульс приходит в норму. = The pulse is returning to normal.
• Температура пришла в норму. = The temperature returned to normal.
• Он постепенно приходит в норму после болезни. = He is gradually getting back to normal after an illness.
• Рынок приходит в норму. = The market is returning to normal.

So it is a broad and useful phrase for physical, emotional, medical, and even abstract situations.

The main stresses are:

• ПослЕ
• корОткой
• пАузы
• моЁ
• дыхАние
• быстрО
• приходИт
• в нОрму

A rough stress-marked version:

• ПослЕ корОткой пАузы моЁ дыхАние быстрО приходИт в нОрму.

A few pronunciation notes:

• моё is pronounced with a clear ё sound: ma-YO
• дыхание has stress on ха: dy-KHA-ni-ye
• приходит has stress on the last syllable: pri-kha-DIT

If you want to sound natural, keep the rhythm fairly smooth, with после короткой паузы as one introductory chunk.

Yes, but the style changes.

• моё дыхание быстро приходит в норму sounds natural, everyday, and idiomatic
• моё дыхание быстро нормализуется sounds more formal, clinical, or scientific

So both are possible, but приходит в норму is usually the more conversational choice.

For a learner, приходить / прийти в норму is a very useful phrase to remember because native speakers use it often.