Она сама моет посуду.

She washes the dishes herself.

Breakdown of Она сама моет посуду.

• она: she
• мыть: to wash
• посуда: the dishes
• сама: herself

Questions & Answers about Она сама моет посуду.

Why do we need the word сама here? What exactly does it mean?

Сама literally means “herself” and is used for emphasis.

• Она моет посуду. – She washes the dishes. (neutral)
• Она сама моет посуду. – She herself washes the dishes.

Сама adds the idea that:

• she does it personally, not someone else, or
• she does it without help, by herself.

Which nuance is intended depends on context, but in any case сама emphasizes the subject она (“she”).

Why is it сама and not себя? Aren’t both “herself”?

Russian has two different “herself” words here:

1. Сама – an emphatic/intensifying pronoun agreeing with the subject.

   • It answers: “who is doing it personally?”
   • Она сама моет посуду. – She herself washes the dishes.

2. Себя – a reflexive object pronoun (“oneself”).

   • It is used when the subject acts on themself as an object.
   • Она моет себя. – She washes herself (her own body).

In Она сама моет посуду, she is not washing herself but the dishes, so we need the emphatic subject form сама, not the reflexive object себя.

Why is it сама, not сам or само?

Сам / сама / само / сами change form to match the gender and number of the subject:

• сам – masculine singular
• сама – feminine singular
• само – neuter singular
• сами – plural (any gender)

The subject она (“she”) is feminine singular, so the agreeing emphatic form must be сама:

• Он сам моет посуду. – He washes the dishes himself.
• Она сама моет посуду. – She washes the dishes herself.
• Они сами моют посуду. – They wash the dishes themselves.

What’s the difference between Она сама моет посуду and Она моет посуду сама?

Both are grammatically correct and both mean “She washes the dishes herself,” but the focus is slightly different:

• Она сама моет посуду.

  • Emphasis more on who does it:
    
    • SHE herself washes the dishes (not somebody else / not the maid / not the kids).
  • Сама is close to она, so it strongly highlights the subject.

• Она моет посуду сама.

  • Emphasis more on how / under what circumstances she does it:
    
    • She washes the dishes herself (she doesn’t get help, she does it alone).
  • Сама is closer to the verb phrase, so it can sound a bit more like “by herself / with no help”.

In many everyday situations, the difference is subtle and both may be interchangeable, but native speakers do use word order to shade the emphasis.

Could I say Она моет сама посуду?

This word order is unnatural and would sound wrong to a native speaker.

Сама in this sense wants to be close to the subject pronoun (она) or at the end of the clause:

• Good: Она сама моет посуду.
• Good: Она моет посуду сама.
• Bad / unnatural: Она моет сама посуду.

Think of сама here as tightly linked to она (the doer), not as a normal adverb you can just drop anywhere.

Why is it посуду and not посуда in this sentence?

The dictionary form is посуда (nominative case), but in the sentence it becomes посуду because it is the direct object of the verb мыть (“to wash”).

In Russian, direct objects usually take the accusative case. For a typical feminine noun ending in -а:

• Nominative (dictionary form): посуда – dishes
• Accusative (object form): посуду – the dishes (being washed)

So:

• Посуда чистая. – The dishes are clean. (subject, nominative)
• Она моет посуду. – She washes the dishes. (object, accusative)

Why is it моет, not моит or something similar?

The verb is мыть – to wash (imperfective). Its present tense forms are irregular-looking for an English speaker:

• я мо́ю – I wash
• ты мо́ешь – you wash
• он/она/оно мо́ет – he/she/it washes
• мы мо́ем – we wash
• вы мо́ете – you (pl/formal) wash
• они мо́ют – they wash

So for она (she) we must use моет, the 3rd person singular form.

Spelling note: even though the infinitive is мыть (with ы), the present tense forms use о: мою, моешь, моет, …. This is just how the verb conjugates.

Does Она сама моет посуду mean “She is washing the dishes” (right now) or “She washes the dishes” (in general)?

It can mean either, depending on context. Russian present tense with an imperfective verb (like мыть) covers both:

• Right now / at the moment:

  • What is she doing? – Она сама моет посуду. – She is (right now) washing the dishes herself.

• Habit / repeated action:

  • Who usually washes the dishes at home? – Она сама моет посуду. – She (usually) washes the dishes herself.

Unlike English, there is no separate continuous form (is washing), so context tells you whether it’s current or habitual.

Why isn’t there a word for “the” before “dishes” in Russian?

Russian has no articles (no “a/an” or “the”). The noun посуду by itself can correspond to:

• dishes
• the dishes
• some dishes

Context determines how you translate it into English. In a typical home context, Она сама моет посуду would naturally be translated as:

• She washes the dishes herself.
  or
• She is washing the dishes herself.

The concept of “the” is understood from the situation (“the dishes that are dirty now”), not from a separate word.

Is посуда always “dishes”? Can it be plural?

Посуда is a collective noun. It refers to dishes/tableware as a set:

• plates, bowls, cups, glasses, pots, pans, etc.

Some key points:

• Grammatically it is singular feminine, even though it refers to many items.
• In practice, посуда is very often translated as “the dishes”, especially in the phrase мыть посуду – to do the dishes / wash the dishes.
• If you want to be more specific or count things, you use other nouns:
  • тарелки – plates
  • чашки – cups
  • стаканы – glasses

But мыть посуду is the standard, idiomatic way to say “wash the dishes”.

Can we drop она and just say Сама моет посуду or Моет посуду сама?

Grammatically you can drop она because the verb form моет already shows 3rd person singular. However:

• Сама моет посуду.

  • Possible in spoken language but sounds like a fragment or a comment about a known person:
  • [Look at her!] She washes the dishes herself.
  • Usually you’d only say this when it’s totally clear from context who “she” is.

• Моет посуду сама.

  • Also possible, again as a comment or answer when “she” is obvious from the previous sentence.

In a neutral, standalone sentence (like in a textbook), you normally keep the pronoun:

• Она сама моет посуду.

What is the difference between сама and одна in this kind of sentence?

Both can be translated as “by herself / alone”, but they focus on slightly different ideas:

• сама – emphasizes that she is doing it herself, without delegating or relying on others.

  • Она сама моет посуду.
    
    • She herself washes the dishes (not the maid, not the kids).

• одна – emphasizes that she is alone, there is no one else present / helping.

  • Она моет посуду одна.
    
    • She is washing the dishes alone (no one is with her, no one is helping).

Often both ideas overlap, so both sentences could be translated similarly into English, but the nuance in Russian is different.

How do you pronounce Она сама моет посуду?

Approximate pronunciation with stress marked in bold:

• Она́ сама́ мо́ет посу́ду

Rough English-style approximation:

• Она́ – ah-NAH
• сама́ – sah-MAH
• мо́ет – MOH-yet (the й is very light; often sounds like “mo-it” fused)
• посу́ду – pah-SOO-doo

Altogether: ah-NAH sah-MAH MOH-yet pah-SOO-doo.

In connected speech, it will sound smooth and a bit faster: анА самА мОйет пасУду.