Lista ingredientelor arată arahidele.

Because ingredientelor is in the genitive plural.

Here is the breakdown:

• ingredient = ingredient
• ingrediente = ingredients
• ingredientele = the ingredients
• ingredientelor = of the ingredients / to the ingredients

In lista ingredientelor, Romanian uses the genitive instead of a separate word like of. So the phrase literally means the list of the ingredients.

Romanian often expresses of by changing the form of the second noun rather than adding a separate word.

So:

• lista ingredientelor = the list of the ingredients
• not something with a separate word meaning of

This is a very common Romanian pattern. English often uses of, while Romanian often uses the genitive case.

The -a is the definite article attached to the noun.

In Romanian, the definite article usually goes at the end of the noun, not before it like English the.

So:

• listă = a list
• lista = the list

That means Lista ingredientelor is literally the list of the ingredients.

Because the subject of the sentence is lista, not ingredientelor.

• Lista = the list → singular
• ingredientelor = of the ingredients → this only modifies lista

The verb must agree with the subject, so Romanian uses:

• Lista ... arată = The list ... shows

Even though ingredients is plural in meaning, it is not the thing doing the action.

Arată is the 3rd person singular present form of a arăta.

Here it means shows.

So:

• a arăta = to show / to look, depending on context
• arată = shows / looks

In this sentence, because it has a direct object (arahidele), the meaning is clearly shows:

• Lista ingredientelor arată arahidele = The ingredient list shows the peanuts

In another sentence, it could mean looks:

• El arată obosit = He looks tired

Because arahidele is the definite plural form, meaning the peanuts.

Forms:

• arahidă = peanut
• arahide = peanuts
• arahidele = the peanuts

So the sentence is talking about specific peanuts already understood from context, not just peanuts in general.

Because pe is usually not used with ordinary inanimate direct objects like this.

Romanian often uses pe with:

• people
• animate beings
• some very specific or emphasized direct objects

For example:

• Văd pe Maria = I see Maria

But with an inanimate object like arahidele, normal Romanian does not use pe:

• arată arahidele = correct

So its absence here is expected.

No. A very common alternative is lista de ingrediente.

Compare:

• lista ingredientelor = more literally the list of the ingredients
• lista de ingrediente = ingredient list / list of ingredients

Both can be natural, but lista de ingrediente is often the more general, dictionary-style way to name that kind of list.

It is grammatical, but depending on context, Romanian might more naturally use a verb like:

• conține = contains
• include = includes
• menționează = mentions
• indică = indicates

So on food packaging, many speakers might find these more natural:

• Lista ingredientelor conține arahide.
• Lista ingredientelor include arahide.

Arată works if the idea is that the list shows/displays peanuts, but it is a bit less typical for ingredient-list language.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

LEES-ta in-gre-dee-EN-te-lor a-RA-tuh a-ra-HEE-de-le

A few helpful points:

• ă in arată is a short neutral vowel, somewhat like the a in sofa
• stress usually falls like this:
  • LIS-ta
  • in-gre-di-EN-te-lor
  • a-RA-tă
  • a-ra-HI-de-le

So the full sentence is read smoothly as:

LIS-ta in-gre-di-EN-te-lor a-RA-tă a-ra-HI-de-le