Stomatologul extrage măseaua.

It is the definite article, so stomatologul means the dentist.

Romanian usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun, instead of using a separate word like English the.

• stomatolog = dentist / stomatologist
• stomatologul = the dentist

Because măseaua is the definite form: the molar.

• măsea = a molar
• măseaua = the molar

So the sentence uses two definite nouns:

• stomatologul = the dentist
• măseaua = the molar

Because the nouns belong to different patterns.

• stomatolog is a masculine noun, so its definite singular form takes -ul
• măsea is a feminine noun ending in -a, so its definite singular form becomes măseaua

This is very common in Romanian: the definite article changes depending on the noun’s gender and shape.

Compare:

• băiat → băiatul = the boy
• fată → fata = the girl
• măsea → măseaua = the molar

Extrage is the 3rd person singular present tense of the verb a extrage.

So it means:

• he extracts
• she extracts
• it extracts

In this sentence, the subject is stomatologul, so the meaning is the dentist extracts.

A few forms of a extrage:

• eu extrag = I extract
• tu extragi = you extract
• el/ea extrage = he/she extracts
• noi extragem = we extract

Because Romanian normally uses an enclitic definite article: it attaches to the end of the noun.

So instead of:

• the dentist
• the molar

Romanian says:

• stomatologul
• măseaua

This is one of the big differences between English and Romanian.

Yes. This is a very normal Subject–Verb–Object order:

• Stomatologul = subject
• extrage = verb
• măseaua = direct object

So it works very much like English word order here:

• The dentist / extracts / the molar

Romanian word order can be more flexible than English, but this sentence is the most straightforward, neutral version.

Yes. Dentist and stomatolog both exist.

• stomatolog is a standard and very common word
• dentist is also used and is easy for English speakers to recognize

So Dentistul extrage măseaua would also be understandable and natural.

In some contexts, stomatolog may sound a bit more formal or technical.

Dinte means tooth in general.

Măsea means a back tooth, especially a molar.

So:

• dinte = tooth
• măsea = molar / back tooth

That means this sentence is more specific than The dentist extracts the tooth. It specifically says the molar.

The letter ă is a very common Romanian vowel. It is a short, neutral sound, somewhat like the a in English about.

In this sentence:

• măseaua
• extrage does not contain ă
• stomatologul does not contain ă

A rough pronunciation guide:

• Stomatologul ≈ sto-ma-to-LO-gul
• extrage ≈ eks-TRA-je
• măseaua ≈ muh-SEA-wa

That is only approximate, but it helps at the beginning.

Yes, it is the direct object, so grammatically it is in the accusative.

However, in this sentence, the form măseaua looks the same as the nominative/accusative definite singular form. Romanian often does that: the case is shown by function in the sentence, not always by a different ending.

So:

• măseaua can be the subject in one sentence
• măseaua can be the direct object in another sentence

You tell the role from context and word order.

Because pe is mainly used with personal direct objects, especially people or other animate beings.

Since măseaua is an inanimate thing, Romanian does not use pe here.

So:

• Văd dentistul. = I see the dentist.
  This may become Îl văd pe dentist. when the direct object is clearly personal.
• Extrage măseaua. = He extracts the molar.
  No pe is needed.

It is natural and correct, especially in a medical or formal context.

In everyday speech, some speakers might use a simpler verb such as a scoate:

• Stomatologul scoate măseaua.

That can sound more conversational, like The dentist pulls the molar out.

But extrage is absolutely normal, especially for dental or medical language.