Rozpoznaję ten głos.

It tells you the verb is 1st person singular in the present tense: I recognize.

So:

• rozpoznaję = I recognize / I am recognizing
• the ending -ę is what signals I

That is why Polish often does not need a separate subject pronoun.

Because the verb form already shows the subject.

In rozpoznaję, the ending -ę already means I, so ja is usually omitted unless you want emphasis or contrast.

• Rozpoznaję ten głos. = neutral, natural
• Ja rozpoznaję ten głos. = I recognize this voice, maybe contrasting with someone else

Ten is a demonstrative word, meaning something like this or that specific.

So ten głos means this voice or, depending on context, that voice.

It makes the noun more specific. Without ten, Rozpoznaję głos would still be grammatical, but it would sound less pointed and would rely more on context.

Because ten has to agree with głos in gender, number, and case.

Głos is:

• masculine
• singular

So the correct demonstrative form is ten.

Very roughly:

• ten = masculine singular
• ta = feminine singular
• to = neuter singular

So you get:

• ten głos = this voice
• ta kobieta = this woman
• to dziecko = this child

It is in the accusative case, because it is the direct object of the verb rozpoznaję.

However, głos is a masculine inanimate noun, and in Polish, the accusative singular of masculine inanimate nouns is usually the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: ten głos
• accusative: ten głos

They look identical here.

This is very common in Polish. Compare:

• Widzę stół. = I see a table.
• Mam ten telefon. = I have this phone.

But with masculine animate nouns, the accusative changes, for example:

• Widzę psa. = I see a dog.
• Widzę tego psa. = I see this dog.

Yes, it is present tense.

More specifically, it is the present tense of the imperfective verb rozpoznawać.

In English, Polish present tense can correspond to either:

• I recognize
• I am recognizing

In practice, here the natural English meaning is usually just I recognize this voice.

A useful contrast:

• rozpoznaję = I recognize / I am recognizing
• rozpoznam = I will recognize / I will be able to recognize

The infinitive is rozpoznawać.

So:

• rozpoznawać = to recognize, to identify
• rozpoznaję = I recognize

There is also a related perfective verb:

• rozpoznać = to recognize / identify completely, as a completed action

That pair is:

• rozpoznawać = imperfective
• rozpoznać = perfective

A rough English-friendly approximation is:

ross-poz-NA-ye ten gwoss

A few important points:

• rozpoznaję has the stress on -na-
• the z in roz- is pronounced like s here because it comes before p
• final ę is often pronounced close to e in everyday speech, sometimes with a slight nasal quality
• ł in głos sounds like English w
• głos sounds roughly like gwoss

So głos is not pronounced with a normal English l.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible.

Rozpoznaję ten głos is a very natural, neutral order.

But you can also say:

• Ten głos rozpoznaję.

That version puts more emphasis on ten głos.

Even though Polish allows flexibility, the words are not freely interchangeable in every context. Different orders can sound more emphatic, contrastive, or stylistic.

Yes, very often it can.

Polish ten does not always map neatly onto English this. Depending on context, it can mean:

• this
• that

If Polish wants to be more clearly contrastive or more distant, it often uses tamten for that one over there / that other one.

So ten głos can sometimes be translated naturally as either this voice or that voice, depending on the situation.

They are related in meaning, but not the same.

• rozpoznaję ten głos = I recognize this voice, I can identify it from before
• znam ten głos = I know this voice, I am familiar with it
• poznaję = I am getting to know / I get to know / I meet

So in this sentence, rozpoznaję is the best choice because the idea is identifying the voice, not simply being familiar with it or getting to know it.