Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze niż brać pożyczkę.

In Polish, the subject pronoun is often omitted because the verb ending already shows who is doing the action.

• wolę = I prefer
• the ending -ę tells you it is I

So Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze... is completely natural.
You could say Ja wolę... if you want extra emphasis, for example:

• Ja wolę oszczędzać pieniądze, a on woli pożyczać.
  I prefer saving money, and he prefers borrowing.

After woleć (to prefer), Polish often uses an infinitive, just like English can use to prefer doing something.

So:

• wolę oszczędzać = I prefer to save / saving
• wolę brać = I prefer to take

This pattern is very common:

• Wolę czytać niż oglądać telewizję.
• Wolę zostać w domu niż iść na imprezę.

So in this sentence, oszczędzać and brać are both infinitives controlled by wolę.

This is about aspect.

• oszczędzać = imperfective
• oszczędzić = perfective

The imperfective verb is used here because the sentence talks about a general preference or an ongoing kind of action, not one completed result.

• Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze = I prefer saving money as a habit/process
• Wolę oszczędzić pieniądze would sound more like preferring to save up / preserve money in a specific completed sense, which is less natural here

With general preferences, Polish very often uses the imperfective:

• Wolę czytać rather than Wolę przeczytać
• Wolę gotować rather than Wolę ugotować

Again, this is aspect:

• brać = imperfective
• wziąć = perfective

Here the speaker is comparing two general choices or habits:

• saving money
• taking a loan

So Polish uses the imperfective: brać pożyczkę.

If you said wziąć pożyczkę, it would point more toward taking one specific loan as a completed act. That is possible in some contexts, but it is less natural in a broad preference statement like this one.

niż means than and is used in comparisons.

The pattern here is:

• wolę X niż Y = I prefer X than Y / I prefer X rather than Y

So:

• Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze niż brać pożyczkę.

This is a very common structure. More examples:

• Wolę kawę niż herbatę.
• Wolę zostać w domu niż wychodzić.

You may also see zamiast in similar ideas, but niż is the straightforward comparison word here.

Pieniądze means money, but grammatically in Polish it is a plural noun.

That is why you say:

• oszczędzać pieniądze = to save money

In this sentence, pieniądze is the direct object of oszczędzać, so it is in the accusative. For this noun, the accusative plural looks the same as the nominative plural:

• nominative: pieniądze
• accusative: pieniądze

So even though the case matters grammatically, the form does not change here.

Because pożyczka is the direct object of brać, so it must be in the accusative case.

• nominative: pożyczka
• accusative: pożyczkę

This is a very common feminine noun pattern:

• książka → książkę
• kawę from kawa
• herbatę from herbata
• pożyczkę from pożyczka

So:

• brać pożyczkę = to take out a loan
• not brać pożyczka

Yes. In Polish, brać pożyczkę is the normal expression for taking out a loan or borrowing money in this sense.

Literally:

• brać = to take
• pożyczkę = a loan

Polish often uses take where English also says take out a loan.

A related distinction:

• pożyczyć pieniądze can mean to lend or to borrow, depending on context
• brać pożyczkę is clearer for taking a loan

Both can refer to borrowed money, but they are not always identical.

• pożyczka = a loan in a broad sense; can be from a person or an institution
• kredyt = usually a more formal bank loan / credit

So:

• brać pożyczkę = take a loan
• brać kredyt = take out credit / a bank loan

In everyday speech, both may appear in similar contexts, but pożyczka is a bit broader.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible, although not completely free. The basic sentence:

• Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze niż brać pożyczkę.

is the most neutral and natural.

You could change the order for emphasis, for example:

• Pieniądze wolę oszczędzać, niż brać pożyczkę.
• Wolę pieniądze oszczędzać niż brać pożyczkę.

These are possible, but they sound more marked or emphatic. For a learner, the original order is the safest choice.

It is understandable, but it is less standard in this exact structure.

The most natural version is:

• Wolę oszczędzać pieniądze niż brać pożyczkę.

If you want to use zamiast, a more natural structure is usually:

• Zamiast brać pożyczkę, wolę oszczędzać pieniądze.

So:

• wolę X niż Y = a direct comparison
• zamiast Y, wolę X = instead of Y, I prefer X

Both are possible, but the original sentence uses the cleaner comparison pattern.

It looks intimidating because Polish allows several consonants together, but it becomes easier in chunks:

• o-szczę-dzać

A rough approximation for English speakers:

• o like o in off
• szcz is a tight consonant cluster, roughly like shch
• ę is a nasal vowel, often sounding somewhat like en/em depending on context
• dzać has a soft j-like quality inside it

You do not need a perfect English approximation, but it helps to recognize the parts. Also remember that Polish stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, so:

• osz-CZĘ-dzać

The letters ą and ę are nasal vowels, but in real speech their sound changes a bit depending on the following consonant.

pieniądze

A rough guide:

• pie-nią-dze
• stress: NIĄ

Before dz, ą often sounds somewhat like on/om to English ears.

pożyczkę

A rough guide:

• po-życz-kę
• stress: ŻYCZ

At the end of a word, ę is often pronounced less strongly nasally than learners expect. In careful speech it is still ę, but in normal conversation it may sound closer to a nasalized e or even a plain e-like sound.

The important thing for learners is:

• recognize ą and ę as special Polish vowels
• do not worry if your pronunciation is not perfect at first
• keep the stress on the second-to-last syllable

It most naturally expresses a general preference.

That is because of:

• wolę = I prefer
• imperfective verbs: oszczędzać, brać

So the sentence sounds like:

• As a rule, I prefer saving money rather than taking a loan.

If you wanted to talk about a more specific one-time choice, Polish might use different aspect choices or extra context. But as it stands, this is a broad, general statement.