W parku mały chłopiec pokazuje babci nową piłkę.

Because w means in here, and when w expresses location, the noun usually goes into the locative case.

• park = dictionary form (nominative)
• w parku = in the park (locative)

So:

• w domu = in the house
• w sklepie = in the shop
• w parku = in the park

If w means movement into something, Polish often uses a different case:

• Idę do parku = I’m going to the park

So in this sentence, since the boy is already located there, w parku is correct.

Here is the full breakdown:

• w parku — locative
• mały chłopiec — nominative
• babci — dative
• nową piłkę — accusative

Why?

• mały chłopiec is the subject, so it is in the nominative
• babci is the person receiving/showing-to, so it is in the dative
• nową piłkę is the thing being shown, so it is in the accusative
• w parku follows w for location, so it is in the locative

Because babcia changes to the dative case here.

The verb pokazywać often works like to show someone something:

• show someone = dative
• show something = accusative

So:

• babcia = grandmother (nominative)
• babci = to grandmother / to the grandmother (dative)

That is why the sentence has:

• pokazuje babci nową piłkę = shows grandmother a new ball

This pattern is very common in Polish:

• daje mamie prezent = gives Mom a present
• mówi koledze prawdę = tells a friend the truth
• pokazuje babci piłkę = shows Grandma a ball

Because nową piłkę is the direct object of the verb, so it must be in the accusative case.

The basic forms are:

• nowa piłka = a new ball (nominative)
• nową piłkę = a new ball (accusative)

Both the adjective and the noun change:

• nowa → nową
• piłka → piłkę

This is because adjectives in Polish must agree with the noun in:

• gender
• number
• case

So nową piłkę is one matching accusative feminine noun phrase.

Because Polish adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe.

In this sentence:

• mały chłopiec
• nową piłkę

The adjective has to match the noun’s:

• gender
• number
• case

So:

1. mały chłopiec

   • masculine singular nominative
   • adjective: mały

2. nową piłkę

   • feminine singular accusative
   • adjective: nową

This agreement is one of the most important features of Polish grammar.

Yes. Pokazuje is 3rd person singular present tense: he/she/it shows.

It comes from the verb pokazywać, which is an imperfective verb.

So:

• ja pokazuję = I show / I am showing
• ty pokazujesz = you show
• on/ona pokazuje = he/she shows

In this sentence, the subject is mały chłopiec, so pokazuje means:

• the little boy shows
• or in natural English, often is showing

Because the verb is imperfective, it presents the action as ongoing, repeated, or simply viewed without focusing on completion.

Because Polish has no articles.

English uses:

• a
• an
• the

Polish does not. So a noun like chłopiec can mean:

• a boy
• the boy

The exact meaning depends on context.

So:

• mały chłopiec can mean a little boy or the little boy
• nową piłkę can mean a new ball or the new ball

Polish speakers understand which one is meant from the situation, context, and word order.

Yes. Polish word order is much more flexible than English word order because the cases show each word’s grammatical role.

The neutral order here is:

• W parku mały chłopiec pokazuje babci nową piłkę.

But you could also say things like:

• Mały chłopiec pokazuje babci nową piłkę w parku.
• Babci mały chłopiec pokazuje nową piłkę w parku.
• Nową piłkę mały chłopiec pokazuje babci w parku.

These all keep roughly the same basic meaning, but the emphasis changes.

For example:

• putting w parku first can set the scene
• putting nową piłkę first can emphasize what is being shown
• putting babci earlier can emphasize who is being shown the ball

So the original sentence sounds natural and neutral, but other orders are possible.

It is there to set the scene: In the park...

In Polish, it is very common to begin a sentence with information about:

• place
• time
• context

So starting with w parku feels natural and often helps frame the whole action.

Compare:

• W parku mały chłopiec pokazuje babci nową piłkę.
• Mały chłopiec pokazuje babci nową piłkę w parku.

Both are correct. The first one simply foregrounds the location.

By itself, babci just means to grandmother / to Grandma / to his-her-the grandmother, depending on context.

Polish often leaves relationships understood if they are obvious from the situation.

So this sentence could mean:

• he is showing his grandmother a new ball
• he is showing Grandma a new ball

If you wanted to make it more explicit, you could say:

• swojej babci = to his own grandmother

For example:

• Mały chłopiec pokazuje swojej babci nową piłkę.

That sounds more explicit, but the original sentence is perfectly normal.

Because chłopiec is in the nominative case, which is the usual case for the subject of the sentence.

Here:

• mały chłopiec = nominative → subject
• babci = dative → indirect object
• nową piłkę = accusative → direct object

So even if the word order changed, the case endings would still show who is doing what.

That is one reason Polish can use freer word order than English.

Yes, it is normal. Mały chłopiec literally means little boy or small boy.

In Polish, adjectives usually come before the noun:

• mały chłopiec = little boy
• nowa książka = new book
• stary dom = old house

So the word order inside the noun phrase is very standard:

• adjective + noun

A rough pronunciation guide:

• W parku ≈ f PAR-koo
• mały ≈ MAH-wih
• chłopiec ≈ HWO-pyets
• pokazuje ≈ po-ka-ZU-ye
• babci ≈ BAP-chee
• nową ≈ NO-vaw̃ (with a nasal ending)
• piłkę ≈ PEEW-keng (very rough English approximation)

A few useful pronunciation points:

• w sounds like English v, but before voiceless consonants it may sound closer to f
• ł sounds like English w
• ch sounds like a throaty h
• ci can sound like a soft chi sound
• ą and ę are nasal vowels

So the whole sentence is roughly:

f PAR-koo MAH-wih HWO-pyets po-ka-ZU-ye BAP-chee NO-vaw̃ PEEW-keng

That is only an approximation, but it can help at first.