Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten.

Ten means this, and tamten means that one or that one over there.

So:

• ten fotel = this armchair
• tamten = that one / that armchair over there

In this sentence, tamten stands on its own because the noun fotel is understood from context.

Because fotel is a masculine noun in Polish, and demonstratives must agree with the noun’s gender.

For singular nouns in the nominative:

• ten = masculine
• ta = feminine
• to = neuter

Since fotel is masculine, you say ten fotel.

Not exactly. Fotel usually means an armchair or a comfortable upholstered chair.

It is different from:

• krzesło = a regular chair
• kanapa = sofa
• fotel = armchair

So this sentence is specifically about an armchair, not just any chair.

Wygodniejszy is the comparative form of wygodny, which means comfortable.

So:

• wygodny = comfortable
• wygodniejszy = more comfortable

Polish often forms comparatives by changing the adjective ending, rather than adding a separate word like English more.

Yes, bardziej wygodny is understandable, but wygodniejszy is the more natural and standard form here.

So:

• wygodniejszy = preferred
• bardziej wygodny = possible, but less natural in this simple comparison

English often uses more + adjective, but Polish frequently prefers a single comparative adjective when one exists.

Niż means than in comparisons.

So:

• wygodniejszy niż tamten = more comfortable than that one

This is the most direct equivalent of English than.

Yes, Polish also allows comparison with od, but the grammar changes.

You can say:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten.
• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy od tamtego.

Notice the difference:

• after niż: tamten
• after od: tamtego

That is because od requires the genitive case.

Because here tamten is standing in for tamten fotel, and it stays in the same role as the first noun phrase.

Compare:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten.
• literally: This armchair is more comfortable than that one.

But with od, you need the genitive:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy od tamtego.

So this is a useful contrast:

• niż tamten
• od tamtego

Yes, absolutely.

Both are correct:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten.
• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten fotel.

The version without the repeated noun is more natural if it is already obvious what tamten refers to.

In a normal present-tense sentence like this, jest is standard and should be included.

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten. = correct

Leaving out jest would usually sound incomplete or unnatural in standard Polish.

Unlike in some informal note-like styles, ordinary full sentences with predicate adjectives normally use jest.

The neutral word order here is:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten.

Polish word order is more flexible than English, but changing it usually changes emphasis, not core meaning.

For example:

• Ten fotel jest wygodniejszy niż tamten. = neutral
• Wygodniejszy jest ten fotel niż tamten. = marked, with extra emphasis

As a learner, the original order is the safest and most natural.

Niż is pronounced roughly like neezh:

• ni sounds like nee
• ż sounds like the s in measure

So niż is approximately neezh.

In Polish, stress usually falls on the second-to-last syllable.

wygodniejszy is pronounced with stress on niej:

• wy-god-NIEJ-szy

That general stress rule works for most Polish words, so it is very useful to remember.

Usually, yes: tamten suggests that one, often farther away or more distant than ten.

A simple contrast is:

• ten = this
• tamten = that

Sometimes the distance is physical, but it can also just be a contrast between two things already mentioned.