Możesz postawić kubek na stole.

You can put the mug on the table.

Breakdown of Możesz postawić kubek na stole.

• ty: you
• na: on
• stół: the table
• móc: can
• kubek: the mug
• postawić: to put

Questions & Answers about Możesz postawić kubek na stole.

Why is it możesz postawić, and not something like ty możesz postawisz?

In Polish, móc is a modal verb (like can/may in English) and it is followed by an infinitive form of the main verb.

• możesz = you can / you may (2nd person singular of móc)
• postawić = infinitive, to put / to place in an upright position

So the structure is:

• [conjugated modal] + [infinitive]
  możesz
  • postawić = you can put

You don’t conjugate postawić after możesz, so *postawisz here would be wrong.

As for ty (you), Polish usually drops subject pronouns because the verb ending already shows the person:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole. – natural, neutral
• Ty możesz postawić kubek na stole. – also correct, but ty adds emphasis: YOU (not someone else) can put the mug on the table.

What is the difference between postawić, stawiać, and położyć?

These verbs differ in aspect and in the typical position of the object:

1. postawić – perfective, single completed action, object ends up standing upright

   • Możesz postawić kubek na stole.
     You can put the mug (so that it stands) on the table.

2. stawiać – imperfective, ongoing / repeated action, also standing upright

   • On zawsze stawia kubek na stole.
     He always puts the mug on the table.

3. położyć – perfective, single action, object ends up lying (flat / horizontal)

   • Połóż książkę na stole.
     Put the book (so that it lies) on the table.

Mugs, bottles, vases etc. → usually postawić / stawiać (they stand).
Books, plates, phones, papers etc. → usually położyć / kłaść (they lie).

Why is the object kubek and not kubka here?

Kubek (mug) is masculine inanimate. For masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular:

• Nominative: kubek (this is a mug)
• Accusative: widzę kubek (I see a mug)
• In this sentence: postawić kubek (to put a mug)

Kubka is a different word (genitive singular of kubek in other contexts, or a diminutive form in some dialectal/colloquial uses). After a normal transitive verb like postawić (to put), you use the accusative, so kubek is correct.

What case is na stole, and why does stół change to stole?

Na stole is locative case.

• Dictionary form: stół (table) – nominative singular
• Locative singular: (na) stole

The preposition na can take either:

• locative → static location (on, at)
• accusative → direction / movement onto

Here, na stole describes the final location: on the table. So:

• stół → nominative
• stole → locative after na

Pattern:
stół → (na) stole
like
dom (house) → (w) domu (in the house)

I thought motion + na requires the accusative (na stół). Why is it na stole here?

With na, both are possible in many put / place contexts, but they have slightly different focuses:

• na + accusative → movement onto something
  e.g. Połóż to na stół. – Put it onto the table (focus on the movement).

• na + locative → location on something
  e.g. Połóż to na stole. – Put it so that it is on the table (focus on the final position).

In everyday speech, na stole is extremely common with verbs like położyć / kłaść / postawić / stawiać, because speakers are usually thinking about where the object will end up.

So:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole. – very natural, focusing on the mug standing on the table.
• Możesz postawić kubek na stół. – possible, but sounds a bit more like the physical motion onto the table; less usual in this neutral context.

What exactly does możesz express here: ability or permission?

Możesz (from móc) can mean both can (ability) and may (permission), depending on context.

In this sentence, the most natural reading is permission / a suggestion:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole.
  = You can (if you want / you’re allowed to) put the mug on the table.

If you wanted to stress physical ability, you’d usually show it in context, for example:

• Czy możesz podnieść ten stół? – Are you able to lift this table?

So here it’s closer to English you may / you can (go ahead and) than to you are physically able to.

What is the grammatical aspect of postawić, and why use it instead of an imperfective form?

Postawić is perfective.

• perfective: one completed action, whole event, often used for a single instruction or result
• imperfective (stawiać): ongoing, repeated, or habitual action

In a context like a one-off instruction or suggestion, Polish prefers the perfective:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole.
  You can (go ahead and) put the mug on the table (once, result-focused).

If you used stawiać, you’d imply something more like a repeated or ongoing action:

• Możesz stawiać kubek na stole.
  You can (in general / habitually) put the mug on the table (e.g. every time you finish drinking).

So the chosen postawić fits a single, concrete action.

Can the word order change? For example, can I say Kubek możesz postawić na stole?

Yes, Polish word order is fairly flexible, and all of these are grammatically correct:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole. – neutral, standard.
• Kubek możesz postawić na stole. – emphasizes kubek: The mug you can put on the table (as opposed to something else).
• Możesz kubek postawić na stole. – also possible; a bit less neutral, light focus on kubek.
• Możesz postawić na stole kubek. – also possible; sometimes used to stress na stole as the location.

The original order (Możesz postawić kubek na stole) is the most typical, neutral way to say this.

How do you pronounce możesz and stole? Any tricky sounds?

Yes, there are a few typical Polish sounds here.

możesz

• mo – like English mo in more, but shorter
• ż – like s in measure or vision (a voiced zh sound)
• esz – e as in met; sz = sh sound

Stress is on the first syllable: MÓ-żesz.

stole

• sto – st like English st, o like o in not (British) or between o in not and aw in law
• le – le as in let

Again, stress on the first syllable: STO-le.

Note: the base form stół has ó, pronounced like u, but in stole the vowel is o and is pronounced as written.

What are the dictionary forms and genders of kubek and stół?

• kubek (mug)

  • Dictionary form: kubek
  • Gender: masculine inanimate
  • Example cases:
    • Nominative: ten kubek – this mug
    • Accusative: widzę kubek – I see the mug
    • Genitive: nie mam kubka – I don’t have a mug

• stół (table)

  • Dictionary form: stół
  • Gender: masculine inanimate
  • Example cases:
    • Nominative: ten stół – this table
    • Accusative: kładę coś na stół – I put something onto the table
    • Locative: na stole – on the table

Is there a difference in meaning between Możesz postawić kubek na stole and Postaw kubek na stole?

Yes:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole.
  – Polite suggestion / permission: You can put the mug on the table if you like.

• Postaw kubek na stole.
  – Direct imperative: Put the mug on the table.

The first sounds softer and less commanding; the second is a straightforward order or instruction.

If I want to say You can put the cup on the table, should I still use kubek?

It depends on the kind of cup:

• kubek – typically a mug: bigger, often with a handle, for tea/coffee.
• filiżanka – a (usually smaller, more delicate) cup, often on a saucer.

So:

• Możesz postawić kubek na stole. – You can put the mug on the table.
• Możesz postawić filiżankę na stole. – You can put the (tea/coffee) cup on the table.

Both use postawić, because they are usually placed standing upright.