Matematyka jest trudna.

to be

Breakdown of Matematyka jest trudna.

• trudny: difficult
• matematyka: the mathematics

Questions & Answers about Matematyka jest trudna.

Why is trudna and not trudny or trudne?

In Polish, adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, number and case.

• Matematyka is:
  • feminine
  • singular
  • nominative (the basic “dictionary” form, used for the subject)

So the adjective trudny (difficult) must match that:

• masculine: trudny
• feminine: trudna
• neuter: trudne

Because matematyka is feminine, you have to say Matematyka jest trudna.

How do I know that matematyka is feminine?

Most nouns ending in -a are feminine in Polish, and matematyka ends with -a.

A quick rule of thumb (with some exceptions):

• Typically feminine: nouns ending in -a (e.g. książka, szkoła, matematyka)
• Typically masculine: consonant endings (e.g. stół, dom, chłopak)
• Typically neuter: endings -o, -e, -ę, -um (e.g. okno, morze, imię, muzeum)

Dictionaries and vocabulary lists usually mark gender:

• matematyka (f.) – feminine

Why is there no word for “a” or “the” in this sentence?

Polish does not have articles like a/an or the.

So Matematyka jest trudna can mean:

• Math is difficult.
• Mathematics is difficult.
• The math is difficult.
• Maths are difficult. (in British English usage)

Context usually tells you whether it feels more like “math”, “the math”, or “mathematics” in English.

Can I say this sentence in the plural, like “Maths are difficult”?

No, not in the same way.

In Polish, matematyka is grammatically singular, even though in British English you often say maths (plural). So you keep it singular:

• Matematyka jest trudna. – Math(s) is difficult.

Using a plural form like matematyki są trudne would sound strange and usually means something else (e.g. “different branches/types of mathematics are difficult”), and even then it’s not very natural in everyday speech.

What is the function of jest here? Could I leave it out?

Jest is the 3rd person singular form of być (to be), so it literally means “is”.

• Matematyka jest trudna. – Math is difficult.

In neutral, correct Polish, you normally keep jest in such sentences.

It can sometimes be dropped in:

• headlines: Matematyka trudna dla uczniów – Math difficult for students
• very casual, “note-like” speech: Matma trudna, fizyka łatwa.

But as a learner, it’s safest to keep jest:
Matematyka jest trudna.

Why is trudna in the nominative case and not in the instrumental case?

Polish makes a distinction:

• If the complement is a noun, you normally use the instrumental after być:

  • Matematyka jest trudnym przedmiotem. – Math is a difficult subject.
    (trudnym przedmiotem = instrumental)

• If the complement is a simple adjective, describing a state or quality of the subject, you use nominative, and it agrees with the subject:

  • Matematyka jest trudna. – Math is difficult.
    (trudna = nominative feminine singular, like matematyka)

So trudna matches matematyka in the nominative case.

Can I change the word order, for example to Trudna jest matematyka?

Yes, but it slightly changes the emphasis, not the basic meaning.

• Matematyka jest trudna.
  Neutral: stating a fact – Math is difficult.

• Trudna jest matematyka.
  More emphatic, highlighting trudna:
  Something like It’s math that’s difficult or Difficult – that’s math.

You generally cannot say:

• Jest trudna matematyka. – this sounds wrong/unnatural here.

As a learner, stick with Matematyka jest trudna for the neutral sentence.

How would I make this sentence negative?

You add nie (not) in front of the verb jest:

• Matematyka nie jest trudna. – Math is not difficult.

Word order for negation with być is generally:

• [subject] + nie jest + [adjective]

So:

• Gramatyka nie jest łatwa. – Grammar is not easy.
• Matematyka nie jest trudna. – Math is not difficult.

Is matematyka always about school math, or can it mean mathematics in general?

Matematyka can mean both:

1. The school subject:

   • Jutro mam sprawdzian z matematyki. – Tomorrow I have a math test.

2. Mathematics as a field of study/science:

   • Interesuję się matematyką. – I’m interested in mathematics.

Context usually makes it clear whether you mean school math or the broader discipline.

Is matematyka always capitalized in Polish?

No.

In the example Matematyka jest trudna, it’s capitalized only because it is the first word of the sentence.

Names of school subjects and academic disciplines are normally written with a lowercase letter in Polish:

• Lubię matematykę. – I like math.
• Nie cierpię fizyki. – I hate physics.

You would only capitalize it in:

• sentence-initial position
• titles, headings, or for stylistic reasons

Is there a more informal word than matematyka, like “math” vs “mathematics”?

Yes. A very common informal/colloquial word is matma.

• Matma jest trudna. – Math is hard.

This is widely used in speech, especially by students.
Matematyka is the neutral/standard form; matma is casual, like math vs math class in English.

How would the sentence change if the subject were masculine or neuter?

The adjective changes to match the gender of the subject.

• Masculine:

  • Polski jest trudny. – Polish (language) is difficult.
    • polski – masculine noun
    • trudny – masculine adjective

• Neuter:

  • Zadanie jest trudne. – The exercise/task is difficult.
    • zadanie – neuter noun
    • trudne – neuter adjective

Compare:

• Matematyka jest trudna. – feminine
• Polski jest trudny. – masculine
• Zadanie jest trudne. – neuter

The structure is the same; only the adjective ending changes with gender.