Breakdown of Przez sztywność zakres ruchu jest mały.
Questions & Answers about Przez sztywność zakres ruchu jest mały.
Here, przez means because of / due to, not through in a literal physical sense.
So:
- przez sztywność = because of stiffness
- literal through is also possible with przez in other sentences, for example przez okno = through the window
In sentences about causes, przez is common, especially when the cause has a negative effect.
A slightly more formal alternative would be:
- z powodu sztywności = because of stiffness
- wskutek sztywności = as a result of stiffness
Good question. Przez normally takes the accusative case.
The noun sztywność is a feminine noun, and in the singular its nominative and accusative forms are the same:
- nominative: sztywność
- accusative: sztywność
So the case does change grammatically, but you do not see a different ending.
Compare that with a noun where the form does change:
- choroba = illness
- przez chorobę = because of the illness
There, the accusative ending is visible. With sztywność, it just happens to look identical.