Ta trasa prowadzi do schroniska górskiego.

Word by word:

• Ta = this
• trasa = route, trail, or course
• prowadzi = leads
• do = to, into, or toward
• schroniska = (of / to) the shelter/hostel — this is the genitive form of schronisko
• górskiego = mountain — also in the genitive form, matching schroniska

So the whole sentence means something like:

• This route leads to the mountain shelter.
• or This trail goes to the mountain hut.

Depending on context, schronisko górskie is often best translated as mountain hut or mountain shelter.

Because trasa is a feminine noun in Polish.

Polish demonstratives must agree with the noun’s gender:

• ten = masculine
• ta = feminine
• to = neuter

Since trasa is feminine, you say:

• ta trasa = this route

A useful clue: many Polish nouns ending in -a are feminine, and trasa is one of them.

Because prowadzi is the conjugated verb form, while prowadzić is the infinitive.

• prowadzić = to lead
• prowadzi = leads

In this sentence, the subject is ta trasa (this route), which is third person singular, so the verb must also be third person singular:

• Ta trasa prowadzi... = This route leads...

Compare:

• trasa prowadzi = the route leads
• trasy prowadzą = the routes lead

Because the preposition do requires the genitive case in Polish.

The basic dictionary forms are:

• schronisko = shelter / hostel / hut
• górskie = mountain (neuter adjective form)

After do, both the noun and its adjective change into the genitive singular:

• schronisko → schroniska
• górskie → górskiego

So:

• do schroniska górskiego = to the mountain shelter

This is a very common Polish pattern:

• do domu = to the house / home
• do lasu = to the forest
• do schroniska = to the shelter

It is in the genitive singular.

Why?

• The preposition do normally takes the genitive.
• schronisko is singular, so the phrase becomes genitive singular.

The full pattern is:

• nominative: schronisko górskie
• genitive: schroniska górskiego

This kind of adjective agreement is very important in Polish: the adjective must match the noun in:

• gender
• number
• case

Not always exactly. Schronisko górskie is a mountain accommodation/refuge for hikers, so depending on context, English translations can include:

• mountain shelter
• mountain hut
• mountain hostel
• mountain lodge sometimes, though that can sound more comfortable than a typical schronisko

A native English speaker often hears shelter and thinks of an emergency shelter or animal shelter, but in mountain contexts, schronisko górskie usually means a place where hikers can rest, eat, and often stay overnight.

So in many situations, mountain hut is the most natural translation.

Yes. In this sentence, prowadzi means leads in the sense of a route going somewhere.

So:

• Ta trasa prowadzi do schroniska górskiego. = This route leads to the mountain shelter.

But prowadzić is a broad verb in Polish and can mean different things depending on context, for example:

• to lead
• to guide
• to conduct
• to run (for example, a business)
• to drive a vehicle

Here, because the subject is trasa (route), the meaning is clearly leads.

Yes, you could, but the nuance changes a little.

Some related words:

• trasa = route, course
• droga = road, way
• ścieżka = path, footpath
• szlak = marked trail, especially hiking trail

So:

• Ta trasa prowadzi... suggests this route/way of going
• Ta droga prowadzi... suggests this road/way
• Ten szlak prowadzi... is very common if you mean a hiking trail

In mountain contexts, szlak is often especially natural if the path is an official marked trail.

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English, although the original order is the most neutral.

Neutral:

• Ta trasa prowadzi do schroniska górskiego.

You may also hear:

• Do schroniska górskiego prowadzi ta trasa.
• Ta trasa do schroniska górskiego prowadzi. — possible, but less natural in ordinary speech

Changing the word order usually changes the focus or emphasis, not the core meaning.

For learners, the safest choice is the neutral order:

• subject + verb + prepositional phrase

A simple pronunciation guide:

• Ta ≈ tah
• trasa ≈ TRAH-sah
• prowadzi ≈ proh-VA-djee
• do ≈ doh
• schroniska ≈ roughly skhroh-NEE-ska
• górskiego ≈ goor-SKYEH-goh

A few useful notes:

• Polish stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable:
  • TRA-sa
  • pro-WA-dzi
  • schro-NIS-ka
  • gór-SKIE-go
• rz in prowadzi is pronounced like the s in measure when followed by i in this form.
• schr in schroniska is a difficult cluster for English speakers; the ch is like a harsh h sound.

Because Polish has no articles like English a/an/the.

So:

• trasa can mean a route or the route
• schronisko can mean a shelter or the shelter

Whether English uses a or the depends on context.

That means:

• Ta trasa prowadzi do schroniska górskiego could be understood as
• This route leads to the mountain shelter or
• This route leads to a mountain shelter

In many real situations, context tells you which is meant.

Usually, no—not in this sentence.

• iść / idzie means to go / goes and is mainly used for people, animals, or things moving.
• A route does not literally walk, so Polish normally uses prowadzić for roads, trails, paths, and routes.

So the natural sentence is:

• Ta trasa prowadzi do schroniska górskiego.

Not usually:

• Ta trasa idzie do schroniska górskiego.

In English, we often say the road goes to..., but in Polish the natural verb is usually prowadzi.

It is singular.

You can tell because:

• ta = feminine singular this
• trasa = singular noun
• prowadzi = singular verb form

The plural version would be:

• Te trasy prowadzą do schroniska górskiego. = These routes lead to the mountain shelter.

Notice the changes:

• ta → te
• prowadzi → prowadzą

The dictionary forms are:

• schronisko = shelter / hut / hostel
• górski = mountain

Because schronisko is a neuter noun, the nominative singular phrase is:

• schronisko górskie

But after do, the phrase changes to genitive singular:

• do schroniska górskiego

This is a very common thing in Polish: the form you see in a sentence is often not the dictionary form, because the case changes it.