Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dzisiaj.

Because the subject is odmowa, and odmowa is a feminine noun in Polish.

In the past tense, Polish verbs agree with the subject in:

• number
• gender (in the singular)

So:

• przyszedł = masculine singular
• przyszła = feminine singular
• przyszło = neuter singular
• przyszły = plural

Here, odmowa is feminine singular, so the verb must be przyszła.

Because after odmowa you normally use the genitive case.

The pattern is:

• odmowa czego? = refusal of what?

So:

• odmowa wypłaty = refusal of payment / refusal to pay

Here:

• wypłata is the dictionary form, nominative singular
• wypłaty is the genitive singular form

This is a very common structure in Polish: one noun governs another noun in the genitive.

Grammatically, it is a noun phrase made of:

• odmowa = refusal
• wypłaty = of payment / of payout

So literally it is something like:

• refusal of payment
• refusal of payout
• in some contexts, refusal to pay

It is not a full verb phrase like someone refused to pay. Instead, it is a thing: a refusal, usually a formal decision, letter, or statement.

Yes, literally przyszła means came, from the verb przyjść.

But in this sentence, English may translate it more naturally as:

• arrived today
• came today
• was received today

Polish often uses przyjść for letters, messages, decisions, documents, and similar things that arrive.

So Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dzisiaj is very natural Polish.

Because Polish has no articles.

English distinguishes between:

• a refusal
• the refusal

Polish usually leaves this to context. So odmowa can mean:

• a refusal
• the refusal

depending on the situation.

That is completely normal in Polish.

Yes, Polish word order is fairly flexible.

This sentence:

• Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dzisiaj.

is a neutral, natural order.

But you could also say:

• Dzisiaj przyszła odmowa wypłaty.
• Przyszła dzisiaj odmowa wypłaty.

These all mean roughly the same thing, but the emphasis changes slightly:

• Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dzisiaj.
  Neutral statement; focus often falls naturally on dzisiaj.

• Dzisiaj przyszła odmowa wypłaty.
  Stronger emphasis on today.

• Przyszła dzisiaj odmowa wypłaty.
  More literary or context-driven; it foregrounds the event of arrival.

So yes, the order can change, but the original sentence is very standard.

You know it mainly from case and verb agreement.

• odmowa is in the nominative, which is the usual case for the subject
• the verb przyszła is feminine singular and agrees with odmowa
• wypłaty is dependent on odmowa in the genitive

So the structure is:

• [Odmowa wypłaty] = subject
• przyszła = verb
• dzisiaj = adverb of time

Here it is genitive singular.

That can be confusing, because wypłaty can also be:

• nominative plural
• or genitive singular

But in this sentence, after odmowa, it must be genitive singular:

• odmowa wypłaty = refusal of payment

So context tells you which form it is.

Yes, but it changes the meaning slightly.

• odmowa wypłaty = refusal of payment / refusal to make a payout
• odmowa zapłaty = refusal to pay

The difference depends on context:

• wypłata often refers to a payout, disbursement, benefit payment, salary payment, insurance payment, etc.
• zapłata is more general: payment, paying a bill, paying money owed

So both are possible in Polish, but they are not always interchangeable.

No. You can also use dziś.

So you could say:

• Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dzisiaj.
• Odmowa wypłaty przyszła dziś.

Both are correct.

• dzisiaj is slightly fuller
• dziś is shorter and very common

The meaning is the same.

The dictionary form is przyjść, which is a perfective verb.

Important forms:

• przyjść = to come / to arrive
• przyszedł = he came
• przyszła = she/it came, for a feminine noun
• przyszło = it came, for a neuter noun

Because przyjść is perfective, it fits well with a completed event:

• the refusal arrived

That is why it sounds natural here.

Yes, very often.

In real usage, odmowa can refer not only to the abstract act of refusing, but also to:

• a formal refusal
• a refusal notice
• a letter of refusal
• an official decision rejecting a payment

So depending on context, the sentence may mean that an official refusal notice arrived today.

Depending on context, natural English translations could be:

• The refusal of payment arrived today.
• The payment refusal arrived today.
• The refusal to pay arrived today.
• The notice refusing payment arrived today.
• We received the payment refusal today.

The exact best translation depends on what wypłata refers to in context: salary, insurance payout, benefit payment, reimbursement, and so on.