Infans adhuc vigilat, quamquam in cubili iacet.

Infans is in the nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject of a sentence in Latin.

Here, infans is the subject of both verbs:

• vigilat = is awake / stays awake
• iacet = is lying

So the sentence has one subject, infans, and then two statements about that subject.

Infans is a third-declension noun. It literally means infant, baby, or sometimes young child depending on context.

A learner may notice that it does not look like a first- or second-declension noun, and that is because it belongs to the third declension.

Its basic dictionary form would be:

• infans, infantis

So:

• nominative singular: infans
• genitive singular: infantis

Adhuc means still, up to this point, or sometimes yet, depending on context.

In this sentence, it tells you that the baby is still awake. It adds the idea that this state continues.

Latin adverbs like adhuc are often fairly flexible in position, so it does not have to stand in exactly the same place an English word like still would.

Because vigilat comes from vigilare, meaning to be awake, to stay awake, or to keep watch.

So the sentence is not simply describing the baby as being in bed; it is pointing out that the baby is awake, even though the baby is lying there.

This creates the contrast with the second part of the sentence:

• lying in bed
• but not asleep

Iacet comes from iacere, which means to lie, to be lying down, or to be stretched out.

It does not by itself mean sleep. That is important.

So in cubili iacet means the baby is lying in bed or lying in the crib/bed, but that does not tell you whether the baby is asleep. That is why vigilat is needed: the baby is lying there but is still awake.

Quamquam means although or even though. In Classical Latin, it is very commonly followed by the indicative when the clause is presented as a real fact.

So:

• quamquam ... iacet = although ... is lying

This is normal Latin usage. A learner might expect a subjunctive after a concessive word, but quamquam usually takes the indicative, not the subjunctive.

Cubili is ablative singular.

It is used because of the preposition in. With in, Latin uses:

• ablative for location: in = in / on
• accusative for motion toward: into / onto

Here the meaning is location, not movement:

• the baby is lying in the bed/crib

So Latin uses in cubili with the ablative.

The base form is cubile, a third-declension neuter noun.

Dictionary form:

• cubile, cubilis

Here you see the ablative singular:

• nominative singular: cubile
• ablative singular: cubili

So in cubili means in the bed, in the crib, or in the couch/bed-place, depending on context.

Because in cubili expresses where the baby is, not where the baby is going.

Compare:

• in cubili iacet = the baby is lying in the bed
• in cubile it = the baby goes into the bed

This is a very common Latin pattern:

• in + ablative = location
• in + accusative = motion into

Latin word order is more flexible than English word order, because the endings show the grammatical relationships.

So this sentence could be rearranged in different ways without changing the basic meaning, for example:

• Quamquam in cubili iacet, infans adhuc vigilat.
• Infans quamquam in cubili iacet, adhuc vigilat.

However, the original order sounds natural and clear:

• first the main statement: the baby is still awake
• then the concessive contrast: although it is lying in bed

Word order in Latin often helps with emphasis rather than basic grammar.

Yes. Both are third person singular present indicative active:

• vigilat = he/she/it is awake, stays awake
• iacet = he/she/it lies, is lying

Since the subject is infans, both verbs are singular.

A native English speaker may expect a separate pronoun such as he or she, but Latin often leaves that out because the verb ending already shows the person and number.

Latin usually does not need to repeat the subject if it is already clear.

Once infans has been given, Latin can simply continue with the verbs:

• vigilat
• iacet

Both naturally refer back to infans.

English often repeats or implies the pronoun more explicitly, but Latin regularly omits it when it is unnecessary.

Yes. It is a subordinate concessive clause introduced by quamquam.

A concessive clause expresses something like:

• although
• even though

So the structure is:

• main clause: Infans adhuc vigilat
• subordinate concessive clause: quamquam in cubili iacet

The concessive clause gives a fact that contrasts with the main statement.

Yes. Latin has several words connected with beds, couches, and sleeping places, and the exact choice depends on context.

Cubile often means a lying place, bed, couch, crib, or resting place. It can sound slightly more like the place where one lies down than a piece of furniture in the modern English sense.

So in a sentence about a baby, cubile is a natural word for the place where the baby is lying.

The contrast is between:

• adhuc vigilat = the baby is still awake
• quamquam in cubili iacet = although the baby is lying in bed

In other words, being in bed does not mean the baby is asleep.

Latin expresses that contrast neatly by putting the concessive clause after the main statement.